Linux下安装Oracle

相比Windows，在Linux安装Oracle的步骤可能略显繁琐，同时Oracle提供了静默安装方法在不适用图形界面的情况下进行安装，我们本次使用静默安装。为了避免以后忘记，因此我将本次安装过程记录，当日后需要的时候，可以再次回顾。

本人环境：CentOS 7.6 64位
安装版本：Oracle 11.2.0

准备安装包

关于 Oracle 11g 的安装包，我们可以直接到官网上下载。

下载链接：https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle-database-software-downloads.html

下载完成之后，我们需要将安装包上传到Linux服务器上，Oracle 11g的安装包比较大，因此我借助了 WinSCP 文件传输软件来完成上传，最终，Linux服务器上得到的安装包如下。

接着，将安装包依次解压，命令如下：

unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

解压完成，会得到一个database的文件夹。

安装依赖包

在这里，需要安装一些依赖包，命令如下：

# 注意下面是一行命令
yum -y install binutils compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel expat gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make pdksh sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel

安装之后，需要检查下依赖包是否安装完整，过滤出未安装完整的依赖，命令如下：

# 注意下面是一行命令
rpm -q binutils compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel expat gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make pdksh sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel | grep "not installed"

如果发现有未安装的，可以通过 yum 安装，或者通过 wget 命令下载rpm包，再手动安装。

[root@VM_0_8_centos database]# rpm -q binutils compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel expat gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make pdksh sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel | grep "not installed"
package pdksh is not installed
[root@VM_0_8_centos database]# 

如上，发现 pdksh 没有安装，通过 yum 安装。

[root@VM_0_8_centos database]# yum -y install pdksh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
No package pdksh available.
Error: Nothing to do
[root@VM_0_8_centos database]# 

可以看到没有相关安装包可用，那么只能通过 wget 命令直接下载rpm包后手动安装，命令如下：

mkdir /software/temp
# 注意下面是一行命令
wget -O /software/temp/pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm http://vault.centos.org/5.11/os/x86_64/CentOS/pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm

下载完成，进入刚创建的临时目录 /software/temp ，通过命令 rpm -ivh 进行手动安装。

[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# cd /software/temp
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# ls
pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# rpm -ivh pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm
warning: pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID e8562897: NOKEY
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1          ################################# [100%]
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# 

再次检查下依赖包是否完整，确保所需依赖包都已安装。

创建Oracle用户及安装目录

• 创建和查看用户

# 创建用户
groupadd oinstall
groupadd dba
groupadd asmdba
useradd -g oinstall -G dba,asmdba oracle -d /home/oracle

# 查看用户
id oracle

• 设置Oracle账户密码

[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# passwd oracle
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# 

• 设置安装目录

[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# mkdir -p /software/app/oracle
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# chown oracle:oinstall /software/app/oracle
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# chmod -R 775 /software
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# chown oracle:oinstall -R /software

修改系统文件参数配置

• 配置hostname

可以将服务器名写入到hosts文件，这样以后就可以通过服务器名来进行连接。

vi /etc/hosts

在文件末加入 127.0.0.1 oracledb localhost localhost.localdomain，最后保存退出。

测试是否配置成功，则执行命令：ping -c 3 oracledb

[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# ping -c 3 oracledb
PING oracledb (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from VM_0_8_centos (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.018 ms
64 bytes from VM_0_8_centos (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms
64 bytes from VM_0_8_centos (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms

--- oracledb ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.018/0.019/0.021/0.005 ms
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# 

• 修改内核参数

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

将 kernel.shmmax 与 kernel.shmall 注释掉，然后在文件末追加新配置内容。以下是从网上收集到的一些配置，需根据自己服务器内存选择追加的内容，仅供参考。

# 主机是4G内存选用
kernel.shmmax = 4294967296
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 6815744
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=4194304
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_max=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr=1048576

# 主机是32G内存选用
kernel.shmmax = 17179869184
kernel.shmall = 17179869184
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 6815744
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=4194304
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_max=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr=1048576

# 主机是64G内存选用
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 68719476736
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 6815744
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=4194304
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_max=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr=1048576

修改参数之后，我们需要让参数生效，执行命令：sysctl -p。

• 检查selinux，确保SELINUX=disabled

cat /etc/selinux/config

• 修改资源使用配置文件

vi /etc/security/limits.conf

在文件末追加以下内容：

oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536

• 修改用户登录认证

vi /etc/pam.d/login

在文件末追加以下内容：

session required /lib64/security/pam_limits.so
session required pam_limits.so

vi /etc/profile

在文件末追加以下内容：

if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
  if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
   ulimit -p 16384
   ulimit -n 65536
  else
   ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
  fi
fi

为了让上面修改的环境变量立即生效，执行命令：source /etc/profile。

设置oracle用户环境变量

• 切换到oracle用户

su - oracle

• 修改用户的环境变量

vi .bash_profile

在文件末追加以下内容：

umask 022
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracledb
export ORACLE_BASE=/software/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
# export NLS_LANG="SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK"
export NLS_LANG="AMERICAN_CHINA.ZHS16GBK"

OK，到这里我们的准备工作已经差不多，接下来就是静默安装配置和正式安装了，我们最好重启下服务器，执行命令：reboot。

静默安装Oracle

• 修改响应文件db_install.rsp

进入 /software/database （之前解压生成的目录），需要修改一下响应文件：vi /software/database/response/db_install.rsp，参考了网上文章，需要修改的内容如下：

# 选择安装类型：1.只装数据库软件 2.安装数据库软件并建库 3.升级数据库
oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY
    
# 指定操作系统主机名，通过hostname命令获得
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracledb
          
# 指定oracle inventory目录的所有者，通常会是oinstall或者dba
UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall
                         
# 指定产品清单oracle inventory目录的路径
INVENTORY_LOCATION=/software/app/oracle/inventory
        
# 指定数据库语言，可以选择多个，用逗号隔开
SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,zh_CN
                
# 设置ORALCE_HOME的路径
ORACLE_HOME=/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
  
# 设置ORALCE_BASE的路径
ORACLE_BASE=/software/app/oracle
                      
# 选择Oracle安装数据库软件的版本
oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE

# 是否自定义安装              
oracle.install.db.isCustomInstall=false

# 指定拥有OSDBA、OSOPER权限的用户组，通常会是dba组
oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=dba

# 选择数据库的用途，一般用途/事物处理，数据仓库
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=GENERAL_PURPOSE
       
# 指定SID
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=orcl
                
# 选择字符集，我这里选择有ZHS16GBK简体中文库
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.characterSet=ZHS16GBK

# 是否设置安全更新，这里一定要设置为true
DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true

下面就是正式安装了，切换到oracle用户，命令：su - oracle，进入 /software/database 文件夹目录，执行以下命令，开始安装。

# 注意下面是一行命令
./runInstaller -silent -ignorePrereq -responseFile /software/database/response/db_install.rsp

在安装过程中，界面会提示告诉我们，可以到具体的日志路径下查看安装日志，使用 tail -f 实时监控日志即可。

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ ./runInstaller -silent -ignorePrereq -responseFile /software/database/response/db_install.rsp
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 87303 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 2047 MB    Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2020-04-11_03-59-06PM. Please wait ...[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ [WARNING] [INS-32055] The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
   CAUSE: The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
   ACTION: Oracle recommends placing this Central Inventory in a location outside the Oracle base directory.
[WARNING] [INS-32055] The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
   CAUSE: The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
   ACTION: Oracle recommends placing this Central Inventory in a location outside the Oracle base directory.
You can find the log of this install session at:
 /software/app/oracle/inventory/logs/installActions2020-04-11_03-59-06PM.log
The following configuration scripts need to be executed as the "root" user. 
 #!/bin/sh 
 #Root scripts to run

/software/app/oracle/inventory/orainstRoot.sh
/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh
To execute the configuration scripts:
         1. Open a terminal window 
         2. Log in as "root" 
         3. Run the scripts 
         4. Return to this window and hit "Enter" key to continue 

Successfully Setup Software.

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ 

当在界面看到提示 Successfully Setup Software，则说明安装完成，同时根据提示，还需要新开一个窗口使用root用户登陆并执行以下命令：

/software/app/oracle/inventory/orainstRoot.sh
/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh

最后，按回车键完成Oracle安装。

静默配置监听

切换到oracle用户，命令：su - oracle，进入 /software/database 文件夹目录，执行命令：netca /silent /responsefile /software/database/response/netca.rsp，开始配置监听。

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ netca /silent /responsefile /software/database/response/netca.rsp

Parsing command line arguments:
    Parameter "silent" = true
    Parameter "responsefile" = /software/database/response/netca.rsp
Done parsing command line arguments.
Oracle Net Services Configuration:
Profile configuration complete.
Oracle Net Listener Startup:
    Running Listener Control: 
      /software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/lsnrctl start LISTENER
    Listener Control complete.
    Listener started successfully.
Listener configuration complete.
Oracle Net Services configuration successful. The exit code is 0

静默创建数据库

• 修改文件dbca.rsp

vi /software/database/response/dbca.rsp

根据自己需要修改，比如这样：

GDBNAME = "orcl"
SID = "orcl"
SYSPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSTEMPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSMANPASSWORD = "oracle"
DBSNMPPASSWORD = "oracle"
DATAFILEDESTINATION =/software/app/oracle/oradata
RECOVERYAREADESTINATION=/software/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area
# 根据实际情况设置字符集
CHARACTERSET = "ZHS16GBK"

• 静默创建数据库

切换到oracle用户，命令：su - oracle，进入 /software/database 文件夹目录，执行命令：dbca -silent -responseFile /software/database/response/dbca.rsp，开始创建数据库。

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ dbca -silent -responseFile /software/database/response/dbca.rsp
Copying database files
1% complete
3% complete
11% complete
18% complete
26% complete
37% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
40% complete
45% complete
50% complete
55% complete
56% complete
60% complete
62% complete
Completing Database Creation
66% complete
70% complete
73% complete
85% complete
96% complete
100% complete
Look at the log file "/software/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl/orcl.log" for further details.
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ 

我们可以使用Oracle用户，通过命令 lsnrctl status 查看监听状态。

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-APR-2020 17:20:16

Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                11-APR-2020 16:20:37
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 59 min. 39 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /software/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/VM_0_8_centos/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=VM_0_8_centos)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ 

OK，到这里已经成功在Linux下安装Oracle。

登录Oracle

接下来，我们用上面设置的密码 SYSPASSWORD = "oracle"来验证是否能正常登录，执行命令：sqlplus sys/oracle@orcl as sysdba。

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@orcl as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Apr 11 17:34:39 2020

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL>

设置Oracle开机启动

最后，我们还需要配置一下，让Oracle能够在服务器开机时自动启动。

• 配置/etc/oratab

vi /etc/oratab

使用root用户，修改 /etc/oratab 配置内容，设置如下：

orcl:/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1:Y

其中，/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1为之前设置的 $ORACLE_HOME 路径。

• 配置/etc/rc.d/rc.local

vi /etc/rc.d/rc.local

在文件末追加以下内容：

su oracle -lc "/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/lsnrctl start"
su oracle -lc "/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/dbstart"

• 给文件 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 增加执行权限

在CentOS7下，我们还需要检查文件 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 是否有执行权限，如果没有执行权限，则需执行命令：chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local。

完成以后操作后，需要验证一下，执行重启命令：reboot，重启之后先执行命令：su - oracle 切换到Oracle，再执行命令 lsnrctl status 查看监听状态，同时可以正常进行Oracle登录，说明开机自启动是没问题的。

[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ su - oracle
Password: 
Last login: Sat Apr 11 19:20:11 CST 2020 on pts/0
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-APR-2020 19:23:44

Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                11-APR-2020 19:17:31
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 6 min. 12 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /software/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/VM_0_8_centos/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=VM_0_8_centos)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ 

可能遇到的问题

• Swap空间不够

在Oracle静默安装过程中，查看安装日志，发现出现错误并提示 swap空间 不够。

使用 free -m 命令查看swap大小，发现大小为0，难怪会提示空间小于150M。因此，我们需要给服务器增加swap虚拟空间。

[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          32009         312       31455           0         242       31377
Swap:             0           0           0

参考了网上资料，给Linux主机创建了2G的swap文件，创建过程如下：

[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/software/swap bs=2048 count=1048576
1048576+0 records in
1048576+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 3.23491 s, 664 MB/s
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# mkswap /software/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2097148 KiB
no label, UUID=ba7467e4-4d16-4c15-958a-9f03a8af5bc2
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# chmod 600 /software/swap
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# swapon /software/swap
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:          32009         316       29324           0        2368       31336
Swap:          2047           0        2047
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# 

为了让开机时自动启用，还需修改文件 /etc/fstab 添加一行：

/software/swap swap swap defaults 0 0

• 提示 lsnrctl 命令找不到

我们使用oracle用户来操作，查看监听状态时，可能提示命令找不到。

[root@VM_0_8_centos ~]# su oracle
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos root]$ cd ~
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ lsnrctl status
bash: lsnrctl: command not found
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ ^C
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ 

这是因为，在这里切换帐户一定要加 -，即使用 su - oracle，否则就会出现上面的错误。