理解内建对象类型(一)
内建对象类型( __builtin__ )由以下部分构成：
__builtin__ - 基准对象( object )，内建函数( Built-in functions),and 其它对象( other objects：data ).
CLASSES object basestring str unicode buffer bytearray classmethod complex dict enumerate file float frozenset int bool list long memoryview property reversed set slice staticmethod super tuple type xrange
FUNCTIONS __import__(...) __import__(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=[], level=-1) -> module Import a module. Because this function is meant for use by the Python interpreter and not for general use it is better to use importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module. The globals argument is only used to determine the context; they are not modified. The locals argument is unused. The fromlist should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an empty list to emulate ``import name''. When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...) returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when fromlist is not empty. Level is used to determine whether to perform absolute or relative imports. -1 is the original strategy of attempting both absolute and relative imports, 0 is absolute, a positive number is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module. abs(...) abs(number) -> number Return the absolute value of the argument. all(...) all(iterable) -> bool Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable. If the iterable is empty, return True. any(...) any(iterable) -> bool Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable. If the iterable is empty, return False. apply(...) apply(object[, args[, kwargs]]) -> value Call a callable object with positional arguments taken from the tuple args, and keyword arguments taken from the optional dictionary kwargs. Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. Deprecated since release 2.3. Instead, use the extended call syntax: function(*args, **keywords). bin(...) bin(number) -> string Return the binary representation of an integer or long integer. callable(...) callable(object) -> bool Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function). Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. chr(...) chr(i) -> character Return a string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i < 256. cmp(...) cmp(x, y) -> integer Return negative if x<y, zero if x==y, positive if x>y. coerce(...) coerce(x, y) -> (x1, y1) Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic operations. If coercion is not possible, raise TypeError. compile(...) compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression) into a code object that can be executed by the exec statement or eval(). The filename will be used for run-time error messages. The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression. The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence the compilation of the code. The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation, in addition to any features explicitly specified. delattr(...) delattr(object, name) Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''. dir(...) dir([object]) -> list of strings If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope. Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it. If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise the default dir() logic is used and returns: for a module object: the module's attributes. for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of its bases. for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and recursively the attributes of its class's base classes. divmod(...) divmod(x, y) -> (quotient, remainder) Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x. eval(...) eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals. The source may be a string representing a Python expression or a code object as returned by compile(). The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it. execfile(...) execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]]) Read and execute a Python script from a file. The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it. filter(...) filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string Return those items of sequence for which function(item) is true. If function is None, return the items that are true. If sequence is a tuple or string, return the same type, else return a list. format(...) format(value[, format_spec]) -> string Returns value.__format__(format_spec) format_spec defaults to "" getattr(...) getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y. When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case. globals(...) globals() -> dictionary Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables. hasattr(...) hasattr(object, name) -> bool Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name. (This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.) hash(...) hash(object) -> integer Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely. hex(...) hex(number) -> string Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer. id(...) id(object) -> integer Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.) input(...) input([prompt]) -> value Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)). intern(...) intern(string) -> string ``Intern'' the given string. This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or the previously interned string object with the same value. isinstance(...) isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof. With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type. The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.). issubclass(...) issubclass(C, B) -> bool Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B. When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.). iter(...) iter(collection) -> iterator iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence. In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel. len(...) len(object) -> integer Return the number of items of a sequence or collection. locals(...) locals() -> dictionary Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables. map(...) map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence). max(...) max(iterable[, key=func]) -> value max(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value With a single iterable argument, return its largest item. With two or more arguments, return the largest argument. min(...) min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value min(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument. next(...) next(iterator[, default]) Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration. oct(...) oct(number) -> string Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer. open(...) open(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object Open a file using the file() type, returns a file object. This is the preferred way to open a file. See file.__doc__ for further information. ord(...) ord(c) -> integer Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string. pow(...) pow(x, y[, z]) -> number With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments, equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs). print(...) print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout) Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default. Optional keyword arguments: file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout. sep: string inserted between values, default a space. end: string appended after the last value, default a newline. range(...) range(stop) -> list of integers range(start, stop[, step]) -> list of integers Return a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers. range(i, j) returns [i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1]; start (!) defaults to 0. When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement). For example, range(4) returns [0, 1, 2, 3]. The end point is omitted! These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements. raw_input(...) raw_input([prompt]) -> string Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped. If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError. On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given, is printed without a trailing newline before reading. reduce(...) reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence, from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value. For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). If initial is present, it is placed before the items of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the sequence is empty. reload(...) reload(module) -> module Reload the module. The module must have been successfully imported before. repr(...) repr(object) -> string Return the canonical string representation of the object. For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object. round(...) round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits). This always returns a floating point number. Precision may be negative. setattr(...) setattr(object, name, value) Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''. sorted(...) sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) --> new sorted list sum(...) sum(sequence[, start]) -> value Return the sum of a sequence of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). When the sequence is empty, return start. unichr(...) unichr(i) -> Unicode character Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff. vars(...) vars([object]) -> dictionary Without arguments, equivalent to locals(). With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__. zip(...) zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)] Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence.
DATA Ellipsis = Ellipsis False = False None = None NotImplemented = NotImplemented True = True __debug__ = True copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2016 Python Software Foundati...ematisc... credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment. ... exit = Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help abou... license = Type license() to see the full license text quit = Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
