Oracle 中UNDO与REDO的区别详解
一 为了更清楚的看出2者区别，请看下表：
UNDO REDO
| Record of | How to undo a change | How to reproduce a change |
| Used for | Rollback, Read-Consistency | Rolling forward DB Changes |
| Stored in | Undo segments | Redo log files |
| Protect Against | Inconsistent reads in multiuser systems | Data loss |
二 下面我们来通过实例说明undo 和 redo的关系：
1 我们将证明以下事实：
- oracle 中redo包含undo；
- checkpoint 会导致脏数据写入datafile；
- buffers 会被写入当前的undo 表空间
2 操作步骤：
3 具体实现：
SQL> show parameter undo_tablespace
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS1
- 创建Undo表空间 undotbs2：
SQL> create undo tablespace undotbs2 datafile '/u01/app/oracle/undotbs2.dbf'
2 size 100m;
Tablespace created.
- 创建表空间 test_undo
SQL> create tablespace test_undo datafile '/u01/app/oracle/test_undo.dbf'
2 size 128k;
Tablespace created.
SQL> create table test_undo_tab(txt char(1000)) tablespace test_undo;
Table created.
SQL> insert into test_undo_tab values ('teststring1');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into test_undo_tab values ('teststring2');
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
- 执行手工检查点，将以上改变写入数据文件：
SQL> alter system checkpoint;
System altered.
- 设置undotbs2为当前undo表空间：
SQL> alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs2;
System altered.
SQL> show parameter undo_tablespace;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS2
- 进行日志切换使当前日志不包含字符串teststring
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.SQL> col member for a30
SQL> select member, l.status from v$log l, v$logfile f
2 where l.group# = f.group#
3 and l.status = 'CURRENT';
MEMBER STATUS
------------------------------ ----------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/r CURRENT
edo02.log
SQL> update test_undo_tab set txt = 'teststring_uncommitted'
2 where txt = 'teststring1';
1 row updated.
SQL> update test_undo_tab set txt = 'teststring_committed'
where txt = 'teststring2';
commit;[oracle@dylan ~]$ strings /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log | grep teststring
teststring_uncommitted
teststring1
teststring_committed
teststring2
[oracle@dylan ~]$ strings /u01/app/oracle/test_undo.dbf | grep teststringteststring2 teststring1
SQL> alter system checkpoint;
[oracle@dylan ~$ strings /u01/app/oracle/test_undo.dbf|grep teststring
teststring_committed ,
teststring_uncommitted
[oracle@dylan ~]$ strings /u01/app/oracle/undotbs2.dbf | grep teststring
teststring2
teststring1
SQL>drop tablespace test_undo including contents and datafiles;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
drop tablespace undotbs2 including contents and datafiles;
三 进一步探讨：
Let’s see what will happen if undo is stored in redo logs only.
如果仅将undo信息存储于redo logs会怎么样？
A redo log can be reused once changes protected by it have been written to datafiles (and archivelogs if database is in archivelog mode).
It implies that if I make a change and do not commit it
- Change is written to a redo log 如果我改变的数据而没提交，此时改变将记录到redo log
- checkpoint takes place 检查点发生
- uncommitted change is written to datafile 后未提交的数据写入了数据文件
- I decide to rollback the change 这时我打算回滚
- If redo log has not been overwritten 如果redo log没被覆盖
. search entire redo log for the undo and then rollback 那么搜素整个redo log进行回滚操作
else (redo log has been overwritten)
. undo information is not available for rollback. 否则将无法回滚，undo信息已丢失！
One might argue that if somehow a redo log is not allowed to be overwritten until it contains active undo, we might be able to manage with undo stored in redo logs only. This solution is not feasible as
- size of redo logs will grow enormously large very soon as thet contain both undo and redo (a user might decide not to end a transaction for months)
- to rollback a change, enormous amount of data in redo logs (both redo and undo) will have to be searched leading to degraded performance
- there will be contention on redo logs as they are being used for both
. writing redo and undo
. reading to rollback a change
有人也许会争论：那就不允许redo log 覆盖undo 信息直到包含新的undo，这样redo log将变得异常大从而影响系统性能！
Hence, undo information has to be stored separately from redo and is used for rolling back uncommited transactions . The undo stored in undo buffers/undo tablespace is additionally used for
- read consistency 读一致性
- flashback query 闪回查询
- flashback version query 闪回版本查询
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