23-hadoop-hive的DDL和DML操作

跟mysql类似, hive也有 DDL, 和 DML操作

数据类型: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+DDL

 : primitive_type
  | array_type
  | map_type
  | struct_type
  | union_type  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.7.0 and later)

primitive_type为基本类型, 包括: 

 : TINYINT
  | SMALLINT
  | INT
  | BIGINT
  | BOOLEAN
  | FLOAT
  | DOUBLE
  | DOUBLE PRECISION -- (Note: Available in Hive 2.2.0 and later)
  | STRING
  | BINARY      -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.8.0 and later)
  | TIMESTAMP   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.8.0 and later)
  | DECIMAL     -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.11.0 and later)
  | DECIMAL(precision, scale)  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.13.0 and later)
  | DATE        -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.12.0 and later)
  | VARCHAR     -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.12.0 and later)
  | CHAR        -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.13.0 and later)

DDL: 

基本语法: 

CREATE [TEMPORARY] [EXTERNAL] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]table_name    -- (Note: TEMPORARY available in Hive 0.14.0 and later)
  [(col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ... [constraint_specification])]
  [COMMENT table_comment]
  [PARTITIONED BY (col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)]
  [CLUSTERED BY (col_name, col_name, ...) [SORTED BY (col_name [ASC|DESC], ...)] INTO num_buckets BUCKETS]
  [SKEWED BY (col_name, col_name, ...)                  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.10.0 and later)]
     ON ((col_value, col_value, ...), (col_value, col_value, ...), ...)
     [STORED AS DIRECTORIES]
  [
   [ROW FORMAT row_format] 
   [STORED AS file_format]
     | STORED BY 'storage.handler.class.name' [WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (...)]  -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.6.0 and later)
  ]
  [LOCATION hdfs_path]
  [TBLPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, ...)]   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.6.0 and later)
  [AS select_statement];   -- (Note: Available in Hive 0.5.0 and later; not supported for external tables)

1, 使用简单数据类型创建表


CREATE TABLE page_view(
viewTime INT,
page_url STRING,
ip STRING COMMENT 'IP Address of the User'
)
COMMENT 'This is the page view table'
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED      # 使用 \t 进行分隔, 和下面一行一块用
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'  
STORED AS TEXTFILE;    # 数据从文件中导入

准备数据

1    vini    192.168.208.126
2    bronk    192.168.208.32

导入: 

load data local inpath '/opt/data_hive/test.txt' into table page_view;

 

2, 使用复合数据类型

创建数据表

CREATE TABLE people (
id string,
name string,
likes array<string>,
addr map<string, string>
)
row format delimited    # 使用 \t 分隔数据
fields terminated by '\t'
collection items terminated by ','  # 集合之间使用 , 分隔
map keys terminated by ':'        # map的key, values 使用 : 分隔
stored as textfile;

准备数据: 

1    vini    game,read,play    stuAddr:yt,workAddr:bj
2    bronk    game,read,play    stuAddr:sy,workAddr:bj

数据导入: 

load data local inpath '/opt/data_hive/test.txt' into table people;

查看数据: 

select addr['stuAddr'] from people where name='vini';

3, 带partition的数据导入

CREATE TABLE people (
id string,
name string,
likes array<string>,
addr map<string, string>
)
partitioned by(dt string)    # 增加分区字段
row format delimited
fields terminated by '\t'
collection items terminated by ','
map keys terminated by ':'
stored as textfile;

date 为 hive的一个保留字段, 不可使用, 一般使用dt作为代替

准备数据

1    vini    game,read,play    stuAddr:yt,workAddr:bj    2017-1-1
2    bronk    game,read,play    stuAddr:sy,workAddr:bj    2017-1-2    

数据导入, 指定partition

load data local inpath '/opt/data_hive/test.txt' into table people partition (dt='2017-1-1', dt='2017-1-2');

 ps: 创建数据表时, 有一个可选字段为 EXTERNAL, 表示创建的为内表还是外表

1、在导入数据到外部表,数据并没有移动到自己的数据仓库目录下(如果指定了location的话),也就是说外部表中的数据并不是由它自己来管理的!而内部表则不一样;
     2、在删除内部表的时候,Hive将会把属于表的元数据和数据全部删掉;而删除外部表的时候,Hive仅仅删除外部表的元数据,数据是不会删除的!
     3. 在创建内部表或外部表时加上location 的效果是一样的,只不过表目录的位置不同而已,加上partition用法也一样,只不过表目录下会有分区目录而已,load data local inpath直接把本地文件系统的数据上传到hdfs上,有location上传到location指定的位置上,没有的话上传到hive默认配置的数据仓库中。

详细见: http://blog.csdn.net/u012599619/article/details/50999259

DML

使用最多的是 select 语句和 insert 语句

insert: 

INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE tablename1 [PARTITION (partcol1=val1, partcol2=val2 ...) [IF NOT EXISTS]] select_statement1 FROM from_statement;
INSERT INTO TABLE tablename1 [PARTITION (partcol1=val1, partcol2=val2 ...)] select_statement1 FROM from_statement;

insert使用多的为, 将一张表的数据导入需要的表中

创建表: 

CREATE TABLE people_insert (
id string,
name string,
likes array<string>
)
row format delimited
fields terminated by '\t'
collection items terminated by ','
stored as textfile;

然后将people表中的部分数据, 导入到新的表中: 

INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE people_insert IF NOT EXISTS select id,name,likes FROM people;

可以看到启动了一个新的mapreduce任务去执行

 

 update 和 delete语句需要额外配置一些东西, 但使用不多, 不做阐述

 

系列来自 尚学堂极限班视频 

posted @ 2017-08-15 20:32  bronk  阅读(425)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报