python-字典(第二篇(四):字典)

【Python之旅】第二篇(四):字典

摘要: 说明:     显然Python中字典的学习过程与列表是一样的,主要是围绕下面的函数来进行重点学习: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 >>> xpleaf. xpleaf.clear( xpleaf.copy( xpleaf.get( xpleaf.has_key(...

说明:

    显然Python中字典的学习过程与列表是一样的,主要是围绕下面的函数来进行重点学习:

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>>> xpleaf.
xpleaf.clear(
xpleaf.copy(
xpleaf.get(
xpleaf.has_key(
xpleaf.items(
xpleaf.keys(
xpleaf.pop(
xpleaf.popitem(
xpleaf.setdefault(
xpleaf.update(

 


 

1.基本操作

 

--创建一个字典

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>>> xpleaf = {
...         'name':'xpleaf',
...         'occupation':'student',
...         'hobby':'computer',
...         'dream':'excellent hacker'
... }
>>> xpleaf
{'hobby''computer''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}

·容易观察到字典的输出并没有按照创建字典时的顺序进行输出,因为字典按哈希值查找内容,而不是按索引号;

·{key:value}是字典的基本语法格式,key是唯一的,value可为大多数数据类型;

 

--查看键值对应的内容

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>>> xpleaf['hobby']
'computer'

 

--修改键值对应的内容

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>>> xpleaf['hobby'] = 'IT'
>>> xpleaf
{'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}

 

--添加一个键值对

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>>> xpleaf['girlfriend'] = 'none'
>>> xpleaf
{'girlfriend''none''hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}

·添加的元素在字典中的排序是随机的,因为索引号对字典没有意义(按照哈希值进行value值的查找);

 


 

2.has_key()函数

 

·功能:接受key的查询,以bool值形式返回查询字典中是否有该key;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf.has_key('dream')
True
>>> xpleaf.has_key('wife')
False

 


 

3.items()函数

 

·功能:将字典转换为列表,列表的元素为元组,其中左元素为key,右元素为value;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf.items()
[('girlfriend''none'), ('hobby''IT'), ('dream''excellent hacker'), ('name''xpleaf'), ('occupation''student')]

·基于上述输出形式,可对字典的key和value进行遍历,如下:

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>>> for key,value in xpleaf.items():
...   print key,value
... 
girlfriend none
hobby IT
dream excellent hacker
name xpleaf
occupation student

·item()函数的原理是把字典转换为列表存储在内存中,对于数据量大的情况下,会比较慢;

·大数据量的字典遍历方法:

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>>> for key in xpleaf:
...   print key,xpleaf[key]
... 
girlfriend none
hobby IT
dream excellent hacker
name xpleaf
occupation student

 


 

4.get()函数

 

·功能:取对应key的value值;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf
{'girlfriend''none''hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf.get('dream')
'excellent hacker'
>>> xpleaf.get('wife')    ===>如果没有该key值则不会有输出
>>>

·即相当于dict[key]的方法取value值;

 

 


 

5.keys()函数

 

·功能:取出字典中的key值,并生成相应的列表;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf.keys()
['girlfriend''hobby''dream''name''occupation']

 


 

5.pop()函数

 

·功能:弹出一个key,即删除一个键值对;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf
{'girlfriend''none''hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf.pop('girlfriend')
'none'
>>> xpleaf
{'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}

 


 

6.popitem()函数

 

·功能:按顺序删除字典中的元素;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> a
{'a'1'c'3'b'2'e'5'd'46'f'}
>>> a.popitem()
('a'1)
>>> a.popitem()
('c'3)
>>> a.popitem()
('b'2)
>>> a.popitem()
('e'5)
>>> a.popitem()
('d'4)
>>> a.popitem()
(6'f')

 


 

7.setdefault()函数

 

·在字典中添加元素,如果原来存在该元素,则不进行任何修改;

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf
{'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf.setdefault('hobby','computer')    ===>'hobby'键值对已经存在,不会添加
'IT'
>>> xpleaf
{'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''name''xpleaf''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf.setdefault('weight','55kg')    ===>'weight'键值对不存在,会进行添加
'55kg'
>>> xpleaf
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf.setdefault('wife')    ===>添加没有的键值对,
>>> xpleaf
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife': None, 'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}

 


 

8.update()函数

 

·功能:合并两个字典

 

·演示如下:

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>>> a
{'a'1'c'3'b'2}
>>> b
{'e'4'g'6'f'5}
>>> a.update(b)
>>> a
{'a'1'c'3'b'2'e'4'g'6'f'5}
>>> b
{'e'4'g'6'f'5}

·合并的顺序依然是随机的,原理与前面一样;

·更新的只是字典a,字典b没有变化;

·如果合并字典时有重复的item项,则会进行覆盖:

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>>> a
{'a'1'c'3'b'2'e'4'g'6'f'5}
>>> c
{'b''cover2''g''cover1'}
>>> a.update(c)
>>> a
{'a'1'c'3'b''cover2''e'4'g''cover1''f'5}

 


 

9.values()函数

 

·功能:取字典中所有key的value值,并生成相应的列表

 

·演示如下:

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>>> xpleaf
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife': None, 'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf.values()
['xpleaf''55kg', None, 'IT''excellent hacker''student']

·多用在value值的数据类型都相同的字典中,以用于数据的批量分析;

 

 


 

10.clear()函数

 

·功能:清空字典的item项

 

·演示如下:

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>>> a
{'a'1'c'3'b''cover2''e'4'g''cover1''f'5}
>>> a.clear()
>>> a
{}

·与del不同,del是直接删除字典:

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>>> del a
>>> a
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1in <module>
NameError: name 'a' is not defined

 


 

11.copy()函数

 

·功能:对字典进行浅复制;

 

·Python中普通情况下的“复制”:

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>>> xpleaf
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife': None, 'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf_copy = xpleaf
>>> xpleaf_copy
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife': None, 'hobby''IT''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf['hobby'] = 'IT_Field'
>>> xpleaf_copy
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife': None, 'hobby''IT_Field''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf_copy['wife'] = 'None!!!'
>>> xpleaf_copy
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife''None!!!''hobby''IT_Field''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife''None!!!''hobby''IT_Field''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}

·即将变量赋给其它变量只是将对象(实际的字典)作一个引用传递而已,修改任何一个引用都会改变原来对象的值;

·copy()的浅复制功能则不是引用传递:

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>>> xpleaf_copy2 = xpleaf.copy()
>>> xpleaf_copy2
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife''None!!!''hobby''IT_Field''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf_copy2['wife'] = 'CL'
>>> xpleaf_copy2
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife''CL''hobby''IT_Field''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}
>>> xpleaf
{'name''xpleaf''weight''55kg''wife''None!!!''hobby''IT_Field''dream''excellent hacker''occupation''student'}

·当然copy()更重要的作用不仅在于此,这里只是简单提及它的作用。

posted @ 2016-11-08 16:31  redis3389  阅读(110)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报