HibernateQL
查询语言---QL(Query Language)
NativeSQL-------功能最强大
HQL--Hibernate QL
EJB QL (JP QL)---HQL的一个子集
QBC---Query By Criteria
QBE---Query By Example------功能最小
本节主要介绍EJB QL,它是HQL的子集
使用的是:org.hibernate.Query
示例:
Category版块:id,name
Topic主题:id,title,createDate,category
Msg回帖:id,cont,topic
Topic(多对一)Category
Msg(多对一)Topic
1.建Category、Topic、Msg实体类
2.在hibernate.cfg.xml中添加mapping语句
3.建Junit测试类
3.1 写测试方法testSchemaExport(),建好表
3.2 写测试方法testSave(),在每张表里存10条数据,如下:
@Test public void testSave() { Session session = sf.getCurrentSession(); session.beginTransaction(); //存入10个版块 for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ Category category = new Category(); category.setName("c"+i); session.save(category); } //存入10个主题,属于category_1 for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ Category category = new Category(); category.setId(1); Topic topic = new Topic(); topic.setTitle("t"+i); topic.setCteateDate(new Date()); topic.setCategory(category); session.save(topic); } //存入10条回帖,属于topic_1 for(int i=0;i<10;i++){ Topic topic = new Topic(); topic.setId(1); Msg msg = new Msg(); msg.setCont("m"+i); msg.setTopic(topic); session.save(msg); } session.getTransaction().commit(); }
以下表格依次为category、topic、msg
3.3 写测试方法testHQL(),进行相关查询
@Test public void testHQL() { Session session = sf.getCurrentSession(); session.beginTransaction(); //注意,EJBQL是面向对象的查询语言,Category是实体类的名字,不能写表名category Query q = session.createQuery("from Category"); for(Object o : q.list()){ Category c = (Category) o; System.out.println( c.getId()+ "-" +c.getName()); } session.getTransaction().commit(); }
EJB QL 查询语句---举例:
1.以对象的形式取出
Query q = session.createQuery("from Category"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Category c where c.name > 'c5'"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Category c order by c.name desc"); Query q = session.createQuery("select distinct c from Category c order by c.name desc"); //这里,冒号是占位符 Query q = session.createQuery("from Category c where c.id > :min and c.id < :max"); q.setParameter("min", 2);// q.setInteger("max", 8); //两种方式皆可 //分页显示 Query q = session.createQuery("from Category c order by c.name desc"); q.setMaxResults(4); //每页显示4条 q.setFirstResult(2); //从第2条开始显示 Query q = session.createQuery("from Msg m where m.topic.category.id=1"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Msg m where m.id between 3 and 5"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Msg m where m.id in (3,4,5)"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Msg m where m.cont is not null"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.category.id=1"); //若测试此语句,需在Topic实体类中设置@OneToMany注解,对Msg Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.msgs is empty"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.title like '%5'"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.title like '_5'"); Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.id < (select avg(t.id) from Topic t)") ; Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.id < ALL (select t.id from Topic t where mod(t.id, 2)= 0) "); //用in 可以实现exists的功能 //但是exists执行效率高 Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where not exists (select m.id from Msg m where m.topic.id=t.id)") ; Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where exists (select m.id from Msg m where m.topic.id=t.id)") ; Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t where t.id in (select m.id from Msg m where m.topic.id=t.id)") ; session.createQuery("update Topic t set t.title = upper(t.title)").executeUpdate(); Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic");
2.以字段的形式取出
Query q = session.createQuery("select c.id, c.name from Category c order by c.name desc"); //为什么不能直接写Category名,而必须写t.category //因为有可能存在多个成员变量(同一个类),需要指明用哪一个成员变量的连接条件来做连接 Query q = session.createQuery("select t.title, c.name from Topic t join t.category c"); Query q = session.createQuery("select lower(t.title)," + "upper(t.title)," + "trim(t.title)," + "concat(t.title, '***')," + "length(t.title)" + " from Topic t "); Query q = session.createQuery("select abs(t.id)," + "sqrt(t.id)," + "mod(t.id, 2)" + " from Topic t "); Query q = session.createQuery("select current_date, current_time, current_timestamp, t.id from Topic t"); Query q = session.createQuery("select t.title, count(*) from Topic t group by t.title") ; Query q = session.createQuery("select t.title, count(*) from Topic t group by t.title having count(*) >= 1") ;
1.以对象的形式取出---打印输出语句
//可以用List打印输出 List<Category> categories = (List<Category>)q.list(); for(Category c : categories){ System.out.println(c.getId() + "-" + c.getName()); } //List也可以写成如下形式 for(Object o : q.list()){ Category c = (Category) o; System.out.println( c.getId()+ "-" +c.getName()); } //也可以用iterate打印输出 Iterator<Category> it = (Iterator<Category>) q.iterate(); while(it.hasNext()){ Category c = it.next(); System.out.println(c.getId()+"-"+c.getName()); }
2.以字段的形式取出---打印输出语句
//List,以数组的形式取出 for(Object o : q.list()){ Object[] obj = (Object[])o; System.out.println(obj[0]+ "-" + obj[1]); } //List的另一种形式 List<Object[]> categories = (List<Object[]>)q.list(); for(Object[] o : categories){ System.out.println(o[0] + "-" + o[1]); }
3.查询结果只有一个值时---q.uniqueResult()
Query q = session.createQuery("select count(*) from Msg"); //当查询结果只有一个值的时候用q.uniqueResult() //count(*)返回的是一个Long类型 Long count = (Long) q.uniqueResult(); System.out.println(count); Query q = session.createQuery("select max(m.id), min(m.id), avg(m.id), sum(m.id) from Msg m"); Object[] o = (Object[]) q.uniqueResult(); System.out.println(o[0]+"-"+o[1]+"-"+o[2]+"-"+o[3]);
1.list() 和 iterate()
Query q = session.createQuery("from Category"); List<Category> categories = (List<Category>)q.list(); 或者:Iterator<Category> it = (Iterator<Category>) q.iterate(); 区别: 1.list取所有 2.Iterate先取ID,等用到的时候再根据ID来取对象 3.Session中list第二次发出,仍会到数据库查询 4.Literate第二次,首先找session级缓存
2. Hibernate 1+N问题
对于两个关联关系的表Topic(多对一)Category, 当获取Topic对象的时候(Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic");),除了会发出查询Topic表的SQL语句,也会发出查询其关联的Category表的SQL语句。 解决办法: 1.将@ManyToOne注解的fetch属性设置为LAZY 2.将@在Category的@Entity注解下面一行添加@BatchSize(size=5)注解 意思是,获取Category对象的时候,一次性获取5条数据。即如果一共有10条数据,那么只会发出两条SQL语句 3.进行左连接,即将查询语句改为:Query q = session.createQuery("from Topic t left join fetch t.category");
3. 一级缓存、二级缓存、查询缓
1.什么是缓存: 在内存里开辟一块空间,把本来应该存在硬盘上的东西,放到内存里,将来再读取的时候,直接从内存里读,这部分内存就叫缓存。 2.一级缓存---session级别的缓存 3.二级缓存---sessionFactory级别的缓存,可以跨越session存在 4.hibernate.cfg.xml配置 <property name="cache.use_second_level_cache">true</property> <property name="cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider</property> 5.load默认使用二级缓存,iterate默认使用二级缓存 6.list默认往二级缓存加数据,但是查询的时候不使用 7.如果query用二级缓存,需打开查询缓存