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网卡配置文件和命令

1.查看网卡:

[root@centos8 ~ 820]#ethtool -i ens160
driver: vmxnet3
version: 1.5.0.0-k-NAPI
firmware-version: 
expansion-rom-version: 
bus-info: 0000:03:00.0
supports-statistics: yes
supports-test: no
supports-eeprom-access: no
supports-register-dump: yes
supports-priv-flags: no

 

2.临时修改网卡名:

[root@centos8 ~ 822]#ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.93.129/24 brd 192.168.93.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1786sec preferred_lft 1786sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299/64 scope link dadfailed tentative noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global noprefixroute virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: ens224: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:a3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@centos8 ~ 823]#ip link set ens224 down
[root@centos8 ~ 824]#ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.93.129/24 brd 192.168.93.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1722sec preferred_lft 1722sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299/64 scope link dadfailed tentative noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global noprefixroute virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: ens224: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:a3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@centos8 ~ 825]#ip link set ens224 name abc
[root@centos8 ~ 826]#ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.93.129/24 brd 192.168.93.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1666sec preferred_lft 1666sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299/64 scope link dadfailed tentative noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global noprefixroute virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: abc: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:a3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@centos8 ~ 827]#ip link set abc up
[root@centos8 ~ 828]#ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.93.129/24 brd 192.168.93.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1644sec preferred_lft 1644sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299/64 scope link dadfailed tentative noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global noprefixroute virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:93:80:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: abc: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:92:02:a3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

 

3.ifconfig命令

来自于net-tools包,建议使用 ip 代替

ifconfig修改网卡IP地址:

[root@centos8 ~ 834]#ifconfig ens224 1.1.1.1/24
[root@centos8 ~ 835]#ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.93.129  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.93.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 38146  bytes 51665005 (49.2 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7397  bytes 510018 (498.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens224: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 1.1.1.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 1.1.1.255
        ether 00:0c:29:92:02:a3  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 4  bytes 424 (424.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 9  bytes 891 (891.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 2  bytes 140 (140.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 2  bytes 140 (140.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:93:80:32  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ifconfig禁用网卡:

[root@centos8 ~ 838]#ifconfig ens224 down
[root@centos8 ~ 839]#ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.93.129  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.93.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 38264  bytes 51677384 (49.2 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7469  bytes 523618 (511.3 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 2  bytes 140 (140.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 2  bytes 140 (140.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:93:80:32  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ifconfig启用网卡:

[root@centos8 ~ 840]#ifconfig ens224 up
[root@centos8 ~ 841]#ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.93.129  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.93.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe92:299  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:92:02:99  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 38414  bytes 51692621 (49.2 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7566  bytes 535881 (523.3 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens224: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:92:02:a3  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 1  bytes 106 (106.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 3  bytes 126 (126.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 2  bytes 140 (140.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 2  bytes 140 (140.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:93:80:32  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ifconfig查看当前网卡的通信情况:

[root@centos8 ~ 843]#ifconfig -s ens160
Iface      MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
ens160           1500    38500      0      0 0          7623      0      0      0 BMRU

 

4.netstat命令

来自于net-tools包,建议使用 ss 代替

常用选项

-t: tcp协议相关
-u: udp协议相关
-w: raw socket相关
-l: 处于监听状态
-a: 所有状态
-n: 以数字显示IP和端口
-e:扩展格式
-p: 显示相关进程及PID

常用组合:

tan, -uan, -tnl, -unl

显示路由表:

netstat {--route|-r} [--numeric|-n]
-r: 显示内核路由表
-n: 数字格式

 

5.将网卡名修改为传统网卡名:

vim /etc/default/grub

 

 再执行

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ;reboot

 

6.网络配置文件

在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/目录下有不少文件,绝大部分都是脚本类的文件,但有一类ifcfg开头的文件为网卡配置文件(interface-config),所有ifcfg开头的文件在启动网络服务的时候都会被加载读取,具体的文件名ifcfg-XXX的XXX可以随意命名。

通过网卡配置文件可设定IP地址、子网掩码、默认网关、DNS且永久生效。

该文件主要内容如下:

  DEVICE:此配置文件应用到的设备,也是显示名称,必须/sys/class/net/目录下的某个网卡名相同;

  HWADDR:对应的设备的MAC地址;

  BOOTPROTO:激活此设备时使用的地址配置协议,常用的dhcp,static,none,bootp;

  NM_CONTROLLED:NM是NetworkManager的简写,表示此网卡是否接受NM管理,centOS6建议设置为“no”;

  ONBOOT:在系统启动时是否激活此设备,可选值为yes或no;若设置为no,则需手动启动;

  TYPE:设定接口类型;常见的有Ethernet,Bridge;

  UUID:设备的唯一标识;

  IPADDR:指明IP地址;

  NETMASK:指明子网掩码;

  GATEWAY:设定默认网关;

  DNS1:设定第一个DNS服务器指向;

  DNS2:设定第二个DNS服务器指向;

  USERCTL:普通用户是否控制此设备;

  PEERDNS:设置为yes时,此文件设置的DNS将覆盖/etc/resolv.conf,若BOOTPROTO的值是“dhcp”,则该项默认为yes,所以dhcp的dns也会覆盖/etc/resolv.conf;

  PEERROUTES:设置为yes时,DHCP设置的路由将覆盖route-ethX文件中的永久路由信息;

  DEFROUTTE:设置为yes时,DHCP将设置默认路由。

 

7.查看和修改主机名

1).CentOS6中的主机名

在centOS6中使用hostname命令可以查看和修改主机名,修改时只在当前生效。

语法格式为:

hostnamehostname

centOS6中主机名修改如果想要永久生效,需修改配置文件/etc/sysconfig/network,其中:

  HOSTNAME=

等号后填写想要设定的主机名,保存退出即可。

最后,hostname命令还有一个非常好用的选项“-I”(大写字母i),它可以列出本机除了环回地址外的所有地址,如此以来想要筛选IP地址就可以免去ifconfig加grep、sed等一堆联合操作了。

[root@localhost ~]# hostname -I
192.168.93.133 192.168.122.1 fd15:4ba5:5a2b:1008:20c:29ff:fe9f:3f73 

2).centOS7中的主机名

在centOS6中,修改主机名方式很简单,临时修改主机名使用hostname命令,永久修改主机名直接写文件/etc/sysconfig/network即可。

但在CentOS7中,主机名就没那么简单了,它涉及了一些弯弯绕绕。如果化繁为简,那么直接使用hostnamectl命令查看、修改即可,它是永久生效的。此外,修改/etc/hostname也是永久生效的,而/etc/sysconfig/network在CentOS7中已经失效。

例如,hostnamectl命令设置主机名为kimmich:

[root@centos7 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname kimmich

通过/etc/hostname查看或设置主机名:

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/hostname
kimmich

查看主机名:

[root@centos7 ~]# uname -n
kimmich
[root@centos7 ~]# hostname
kimmich

hostnamectl命令也可以直接查看主机名,但是显示出来的结果及较多,这涉及到CentOS7中主机名的弯弯绕绕。

[root@centos7 ~]# hostnamectl
   Static hostname: kimmich
         Icon name: computer-vm
           Chassis: vm
        Machine ID: b57bc3ff91254e2dbb9727e060abf5c1
           Boot ID: 07d449f8658b48a9855430e5144eb4c6
    Virtualization: vmware
  Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
       CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
            Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64
      Architecture: x86-64

hostnamectl命令话可以修改、查看远程主机的主机名,使用“-H”或“--host”选项即可,它基于ssh连接。

注意,无法远程修改CentOS5或6的主机名,因为hostnamectl使用的是systemd的功能进行修改的。

例如,使用root用户连接到192.168.93.133主机上并修改它的主机名。

[root@centos7 ~]# hostnamectl -H root@192.168.93.133 set-hostname hello59
The authenticity of host '192.168.93.133 (192.168.93.133)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yiPvjpdo3eOQjKTLAspCqRsTikjuP8Dsym5YsYvUr1s.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:89:da:3a:a0:a8:53:11:23:ff:88:78:ca:d7:96:6a:6a.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.93.133' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.93.133's password: 
[root@centos7 ~]# hostnamectl -H root@192.168.93.133 status
root@192.168.93.133's password: 
   Static hostname: hello59
         Icon name: computer-vm
           Chassis: vm
        Machine ID: b57bc3ff91254e2dbb9727e060abf5c1
           Boot ID: 07d449f8658b48a9855430e5144eb4c6
    Virtualization: vmware
  Operating System: CentOS Linux 8
       CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:8
            Kernel: Linux 4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64
      Architecture: x86-64

最后再来解释下CentOS7中的主机名。

在CentOS7中主机名分为三类:static(静态主机名)、pretty(好看易读的主机名)和transient(短暂临时的)。CentOS7中和主机名有关的文件为/etc/hostname,它是在系统初始化的时候被读取的,并且内核根据它的内容设置transient主机名。

  其中:

    1.static类的主机名就是原来意义上的主机名,由/etc/hostname文件决定。

    2.transient类的主机名是临时主机名,它是由内核动态维护的主机名。默认在系统启动的时候根据/etc/hostname文件中的静态主机名进行初始化。

    3.pretty类的主机名是给人看的,它可以提供非标准的主机名,以前版本(例如CentOS6)没有这功能。它可以包含特殊符号,例如空格。例如将pretty名称名为“MaYun‘s Host”,这种名称在以前的主机名(即static类主机名)里是不允许存在的。

/etc/hostname文件中的static主机名是瞬时生效的也是永久生效的。修改后使用hostname命令或者uname -n直接就可以读取,重启后也按照此文件的主机名进行初始化。

/etc/hostname文件没有主机名的时候,在系统启动的时候,内核会将transient初始化为localhost.localdoamin。

hostname命令修改的主机名是transient主机名,即临时生效的主机名。

使用hostnamectl命令。它可以修改并查看static、transient或pretty三种主机名。当它修改了static主机名时,会直接写入/etc/hostname文件中,因此它也是瞬时生效+永久生效的。

 

8.主机名解析

解析器执行正向和逆向查询,即主机名和IP的双向查询。解析器存放路径位于/etc/hosts,是本地主机名和IP地址的映像,对小型独立网络有用。

使用getent hosts命令,可查看/etc/hosts配置文件的内容,其文件内容为:

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

配置/etc/resolv.conf文件,可以设置DNS服务器,即请求该服务器帮助解析主机名。

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
search localdomain
nameserver 192.168.93.2

其中的nameserver192.168.93.2表示本机将找192.168.93.2来帮助查询主机名对应的IP地址。

一般情况下,是先查找/etc/hosts文件判断是否有对应主机名的记录,如果没有则根据/etc/resolv.conf中记录请求对方帮忙解析主机名。但是这种优先级是可以配置的,在/etc/nsswitch.conf文件中有一行hosts选项,其指定先查找谁。

 

posted on 2022-02-26 16:10  魏蓝  阅读(885)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报