Django Rest Framework源码剖析(七)-----分页

一、简介

分页对于大多数网站来说是必不可少的,那你使用restful架构时候,你可以从后台获取数据,在前端利用利用框架或自定义分页,这是一种解决方案。当然django rest framework提供了分页组件,让我们可以更灵活的进行分页。

django rest framework提供了三种分页组件:

  • PageNumberPagination:普通分页,查看第n页,每个页面显示n条数据
  • LimitOffsetPagination: 基于位置的分页,在第n个位置,向后查看n条数据,和数据库的sql语句中的limit offset类似,参数offet代表位置,limit代表取多少条数据。
  • CursorPagination:游标分页,意思就是每次返回当前页、上一页、下一页,并且每次的上一页和下一页的url是不规则的

 

二、每个分页组件使用

这里我们使用之前的模型,如果没有在setting中注册django rest framework 请注册它,为了方便我们查看分页,配置项在INSTALLED_APPS:

1.PageNumberPagination类分页

settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'app01.apps.App01Config',
    'rest_framework',  #注册DRF
]

models.py

from django.db import models

class UserInfo(models.Model):
    user_type_choice = (
        (1,"普通用户"),
        (2,"会员"),
    )
    user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=user_type_choice)
    username = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True)
    password = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    group = models.ForeignKey(to='UserGroup',null=True,blank=True)
    roles = models.ManyToManyField(to='Role')


class UserToken(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(to=UserInfo)
    token = models.CharField(max_length=64)



class UserGroup(models.Model):
    """用户组"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True)


class Role(models.Model):
    """角色"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True)

urls.py

urlpatterns = [

    # url(r'^api/v1/auth', views.AuthView.as_view()),
    # url(r'^api/v1/order', views.OrderView.as_view()),
    url(r'^api/v1/roles', views.RoleView.as_view()),   #分页示例1
    url(r'^api/v1/userinfo', views.UserinfoView.as_view()),
    url(r'^api/v1/group/(?P<xxx>\d+)', views.GroupView.as_view(),name='gp'),
    # url(r'^api/(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/user', views.UserView.as_view(),name="user_view"),
]

本次我们使用roles来作为示例,并且为了更好的显示,此次会用到django rest framework 的响应(Response),后续会介绍,下面是对角色视图的序列化,这个已经在前面的序列化篇章中说明如下:

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response   #使用DRF自带的响应页面更美观
class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同
    name=serializers.CharField()
class RoleView(APIView):
    """角色"""
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        roles=models.Role.objects.all()
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=roles,many=True) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象,当有多条数据时候,使用many=True,单个对象many=False
        return Response(res.data)

访问:http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/roles,显示出所有的角色,如下:

加入分页后的角色视图:

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response   #使用DRF自带的响应页面更美观
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同
    name=serializers.CharField()
class RoleView(APIView):
    """角色"""
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        roles=models.Role.objects.all() # 获取所有数据

        pg_obj=PageNumberPagination()  # 实例化分页类
        pg_res=pg_obj.paginate_queryset(queryset=roles,request=request,view=self)
        # 获取分页数据,参数一 分页的数据,QuerySet类型,请求request,分页的视图,self代表自己
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=pg_res,many=True)  # 对分完页码的数据进行序列化
        return Response(res.data)

同时,我们还需要配置每页显示的数据条数,在settings.py中:

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES": ["rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser", "rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser"],# 全局解析器配置
    "PAGE_SIZE":2,#配置每页显示多少条数据
}

此时我们访问:http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/roles?page=1,则显示第一页,访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/roles?page=2则显示第二页,如下图:

但是一般情况我们需要自己定义分页类,来定制更多的功能,示例:

自定义分页,更多的定制功能:

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response   #使用DRF自带的响应页面更美观
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination

class Mypagination(PageNumberPagination):
    """自定义分页"""
    page_size=2  #默认每页显示个数配置
    page_query_param = 'p' # 页面传参的key,默认是page
    page_size_query_param='size'  # 指定每页显示个数参数
    max_page_size=4 # 每页最多显示个数配置,使用以上配置,可以支持每页可显示2~4条数据

class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同
    name=serializers.CharField()
class RoleView(APIView):
    """角色"""
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        roles=models.Role.objects.all() # 获取所有数据

        pg_obj=Mypagination()  # 实例化分页类
        pg_res=pg_obj.paginate_queryset(queryset=roles,request=request,view=self)
        # 获取分页数据,参数一 分页的数据,QuerySet类型,请求request,分页的视图,self代表自己
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=pg_res,many=True)  # 对分完页码的数据进行序列化
        return Response(res.data)

访问:http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/roles?p=1&size=3,需要注意的是此时的分页参数已经重写,查看结果:

自带返回上一页下一页功能:

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response   #使用DRF自带的响应页面更美观
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination

class Mypagination(PageNumberPagination):
    """自定义分页"""
    page_size=2  #默认每页显示个数配置
    page_query_param = 'p' # 页面传参的key,默认是page
    page_size_query_param='size'  # 指定每页显示个数参数
    max_page_size=4 # 每页最多显示个数配置,使用以上配置,可以支持每页可显示2~4条数据

class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同
    name=serializers.CharField()
class RoleView(APIView):
    """角色"""
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        roles=models.Role.objects.all() # 获取所有数据

        pg_obj=Mypagination()  # 实例化分页类
        pg_res=pg_obj.paginate_queryset(queryset=roles,request=request,view=self)
        # 获取分页数据,参数一 分页的数据,QuerySet类型,请求request,分页的视图,self代表自己
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=pg_res,many=True)  # 对分完页码的数据进行序列化
        return pg_obj.get_paginated_response(res.data)   # 使用分页自带的respose返回,具有上一页下一页功能

2.LimitOffsetPagination类分页

同样我们以角色视图做示例,通过自定义实现分页,示例:

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response   #使用DRF自带的响应页面更美观
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination

class MyLimitOffsetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):

    default_limit = 2 #默认显示的个数
    offset_query_param = "offset" #指定url中位置key值,其位置从0开始
    limit_query_param = "limit"  # 指定url中的偏移个数(显示个数)的key值
    max_limit = 10  #最多显示(偏移)的个数

class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同
    name=serializers.CharField()
class RoleView(APIView):
    """角色"""
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        roles=models.Role.objects.all() # 获取所有数据

        pg_obj=MyLimitOffsetPagination() # 实例化分页类
        pg_res=pg_obj.paginate_queryset(queryset=roles,request=request,view=self)
        # 获取分页数据,参数一 分页的数据,QuerySet类型,请求request,分页的视图,self代表自己
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=pg_res,many=True)  # 对分完页码的数据进行序列化
        return Response(res.data)

访问:http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/roles?offset=1&limit=4(从第2个位置开始,查看4条数据),结果如下:

 

3.CursorPagination类实现分页(很少用)

示例:

from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.response import Response   #使用DRF自带的响应页面更美观
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination,CursorPagination

class MyCursorPagination(CursorPagination):
    cursor_query_param = "cursor"  #url获取分页的key
    page_size = 2     #每页显示2个数据
    ordering = 'id'   #排序规则
    page_size_query_param = 'size' #每页显示多少条参数配置
    max_page_size = 5    #每页最多显示多少条数据
class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同
    name=serializers.CharField()
class RoleView(APIView):
    """角色"""
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        roles=models.Role.objects.all() # 获取所有数据

        pg_obj=MyCursorPagination() # 实例化分页类
        pg_res=pg_obj.paginate_queryset(queryset=roles,request=request,view=self)
        # 获取分页数据,参数一 分页的数据,QuerySet类型,请求request,分页的视图,self代表自己
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=pg_res,many=True)  # 对分完页码的数据进行序列化
        return pg_obj.get_paginated_response(res.data)

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/roles,结果如下,从结果中可以看到下一页的url并不规则:

三、源码剖析

对于以上示例,你可以会有疑问,问什么配置上了一些类的属性就能有不同的效果呢?当然源码是有这些定制配置的,这里以PageNumberPagination分页进行说明,下面是PageNumberPagination的源码,可能稍微长,我们进行配置部分解读就好,其他部分和分页相关的逻辑这里就不过多介绍,解读部分请看注释:

class PageNumberPagination(BasePagination):
    """
    A simple page number based style that supports page numbers as
    query parameters. For example:

    http://api.example.org/accounts/?page=4
    http://api.example.org/accounts/?page=4&page_size=100
    """
    # The default page size.
    # Defaults to `None`, meaning pagination is disabled.
    page_size = api_settings.PAGE_SIZE  #每页显示个数配置,可以在setting中配置,也可以在类里,当前类>全局(settings)

    django_paginator_class = DjangoPaginator  # 本质使用django自带的分页组件

    # Client can control the page using this query parameter.
    page_query_param = 'page'                # url中的页码key配置
    page_query_description = _('A page number within the paginated result set.')    # 描述

    # Client can control the page size using this query parameter.
    # Default is 'None'. Set to eg 'page_size' to enable usage.
    page_size_query_param = None       # url中每页显示个数的key配置
    page_size_query_description = _('Number of results to return per page.')

    # Set to an integer to limit the maximum page size the client may request.
    # Only relevant if 'page_size_query_param' has also been set.
    max_page_size = None                 # 最多显示个数配置

    last_page_strings = ('last',)

    template = 'rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html'   # 渲染的模板

    invalid_page_message = _('Invalid page.')             # 页面不合法返回的信息,当然我们也可以自己定制

    def paginate_queryset(self, queryset, request, view=None):  # 获取分页数据
        """
        Paginate a queryset if required, either returning a
        page object, or `None` if pagination is not configured for this view.
        """
        page_size = self.get_page_size(request)           # 调用get_page_size 获取当前请求的每页显示数量
        if not page_size:
            return None

        paginator = self.django_paginator_class(queryset, page_size)
        page_number = request.query_params.get(self.page_query_param, 1)
        if page_number in self.last_page_strings:
            page_number = paginator.num_pages

        try:
            self.page = paginator.page(page_number)
        except InvalidPage as exc:
            msg = self.invalid_page_message.format(
                page_number=page_number, message=six.text_type(exc)
            )
            raise NotFound(msg)

        if paginator.num_pages > 1 and self.template is not None:
            # The browsable API should display pagination controls.
            self.display_page_controls = True

        self.request = request
        return list(self.page)

    def get_paginated_response(self, data):
        return Response(OrderedDict([
            ('count', self.page.paginator.count),
            ('next', self.get_next_link()),
            ('previous', self.get_previous_link()),
            ('results', data)
        ]))

    def get_page_size(self, request):
        if self.page_size_query_param:
            try:
                return _positive_int(
                    request.query_params[self.page_size_query_param],
                    strict=True,
                    cutoff=self.max_page_size
                )
            except (KeyError, ValueError):
                pass

        return self.page_size

    def get_next_link(self):
        if not self.page.has_next():
            return None
        url = self.request.build_absolute_uri()
        page_number = self.page.next_page_number()
        return replace_query_param(url, self.page_query_param, page_number)

    def get_previous_link(self):
        if not self.page.has_previous():
            return None
        url = self.request.build_absolute_uri()
        page_number = self.page.previous_page_number()
        if page_number == 1:
            return remove_query_param(url, self.page_query_param)
        return replace_query_param(url, self.page_query_param, page_number)

    def get_html_context(self):
        base_url = self.request.build_absolute_uri()

        def page_number_to_url(page_number):
            if page_number == 1:
                return remove_query_param(base_url, self.page_query_param)
            else:
                return replace_query_param(base_url, self.page_query_param, page_number)

        current = self.page.number
        final = self.page.paginator.num_pages
        page_numbers = _get_displayed_page_numbers(current, final)
        page_links = _get_page_links(page_numbers, current, page_number_to_url)

        return {
            'previous_url': self.get_previous_link(),
            'next_url': self.get_next_link(),
            'page_links': page_links
        }

    def to_html(self):
        template = loader.get_template(self.template)
        context = self.get_html_context()
        return template.render(context)

    def get_schema_fields(self, view):
        assert coreapi is not None, 'coreapi must be installed to use `get_schema_fields()`'
        assert coreschema is not None, 'coreschema must be installed to use `get_schema_fields()`'
        fields = [
            coreapi.Field(
                name=self.page_query_param,
                required=False,
                location='query',
                schema=coreschema.Integer(
                    title='Page',
                    description=force_text(self.page_query_description)
                )
            )
        ]
        if self.page_size_query_param is not None:
            fields.append(
                coreapi.Field(
                    name=self.page_size_query_param,
                    required=False,
                    location='query',
                    schema=coreschema.Integer(
                        title='Page size',
                        description=force_text(self.page_size_query_description)
                    )
                )
            )
        return fields
四、使用总结

虽然对于分页来说,django rest framework 给我们提供了多种分页,但是最为常用的还是第一种PageNumberPagination,推荐使用。

而第二种LimitOffsetPagination,使用场景是当数据量比较大时候,只关心其中某一部分数据,推荐使用。

CursorPagination类型分页相对于PageNumberPagination有点在于,它避免了人为在url中自己传入参数进行页面的刷新(因为url不规则),缺点也显而易见只能进行上下页的翻阅。

 

posted @ 2018-06-06 00:38  W-D  阅读(2419)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报