[部分翻译] tripwire(8) - Linux man page
Name
tripwire - a file integrity checker for UNIX systems
Synopsis //简介
tripwire { -m i | --init } [ options... ]
tripwire { -m c | --check } [ options... ]
[ object1 [ object2... ]]
tripwire { -m u | --update } [ options... ]
tripwire { -m p | --update-policy } [ options... ]
policyfile.txt
tripwire { -m t | --test } [ options... ]
Description
Database Initialization Mode //数据库初始化模式
//数据库初始化位置由配置文件设置，由策略文件生成，可以指定策略文件、配置文件和密钥文件创建数据库。
Running tripwire in Database Initialization mode is typically one of the first steps in setting up Tripwire for regular operation. This mode creates a baseline database in the location specified by the DBFILE variable in the Tripwire configuration file. The database is essentially a snapshot of the objects residing on the system. During laterTripwire integrity checks, this database serves as the basis for comparison.
When run in Database Initialization mode, tripwire reads the policy file, generates a database based on its contents, and then cryptographically signs the resulting database. Options can be entered on the command line to specify which policy, configuration, and key files are used to create the database. The filename for the database can be specified as well. If no options are specified, the default values from the current configuration file are used.
Integrity Checking Mode //完整性检查模式
//数据库建立以后进行完整性检查，扫描策略文件中的策略，Tripwire对比当前系统状态和初始数据库状态，并将报告输出到配置文件指定的REPORTFILE处。
After building the Tripwire database, the next step is typically to run tripwire in Integrity Checking mode. This mode scans the system for violations, as specified in the policy file. Using the policy file rules, Tripwire will compare the state of the current file system against the initial baseline database. An integrity checking report is printed to stdout and is saved in the location specified by the REPORTFILE setting in the Tripwire configuration file.
The generated report describes each policy file violation in detail, depending on whether the specified file system object was added, deleted, or changed. Each report item lists the properties of the object as it currently resides on the file system, and, if appropriate, the old value stored in the database. If there are differences between the database and the current system, the administrator can either fix the problem by replacing the current file with the correct file (e.g., an intruder replaced /bin/login), or update the database to reflect the new file (e.g., a fellow system administrator installed a new version of /usr/local/bin/emacs). The (-I or --interactive) option launches an editor that allows the user to update the database quickly. The Database Update mode of tripwire can also be used.
Database Update Mode //数据库更新模式
//当系统的更改是合法的，就需要更新原有的数据库，以防止误报。要更新的条目旁会有一个x标记，当用户退出编辑并输入正确的local密码，Tripwire会更新数据库。
Running tripwire in Database Update mode allows any differences between the database and the current system to be reconciled. This will prevent the violation from showing up in future reports. If the reported change is unexpected and potentially malicious, then the changed file should be replaced with the original version. If there is a valid reason for the change, the database must be changed to match the current files.
In Database Update mode, the items to be changed are specified in a "ballot box" in the plain text report that is launched in an editor program. The entries to be updated are specified by leaving the "x" next to each policy violation. After the user exits the editor and provides the correct local passphrase, tripwire will update the database. Options to control this operation include the (-Z or --secure-mode) and (-a or --accept-all) flags.
Policy Update Mode //策略更新模式
//当改变策略文件时，需要使用策略更新模式来更新策略文件，并同步原有的数据库。其中的改动将被报告。需要提供site密码和local密码。
Policy update mode is used by tripwire to change or update the policy file and to synchronize an earlier database with new policy file information. The filename of the new clear text version of the policy file is specified on the command line. The new policy file is compared to the existing version, and the database is updated according to the new policy rules. Any changes in the database since the last integrity check will be detected and reported. How these violations are interpreted depends on the security mode specified with the (-Z or --secure-mode) option. In high security mode (the default), Tripwire will print a list of violations and exit without making changes to the database. In low security mode, the violations are still reported, but changes to the database are made automatically.
Because the policy and database files are binary-encoded and cryptographically signed, the user will be prompted for the site and local passphrases to change the policy settings. After the database is successfully updated, the database and policy files are re-encoded and signed.
Test Mode //测试模式
//测试模式用来检查Tripwire的电子邮件通知系统的操作。在配置文件里更改MAILMETHOD为SMTP或者SENDMAIL。
Test mode is used to check the operation of the Tripwire email notification system. When run in this mode, Tripwire will use the email notification settings specified in the configuration file to send a test email message. If MAILMETHOD is set to SMTP, the SMTPHOST and SMTPPORT values will be used to send email. If MAILMETHOD is set to SENDMAIL, the MAILPROGRAM value will be used. If email notification is working correctly, the address specified on the command line will receive the following message:
To: user@domain.com
From: user <user@domain.com>
Subject: Test email message from Tripwire
If you receive this message, email notification from Tripwire is working correctly.
Test mode only tests email notification for the address specified on the command-line, and does not check for errors in the syntax used with the emailto attribute in the policy file.
Options
Database Initialization mode: //数据库初始化模式
-m i, --init //默认初始化命令
Mode selector.
-v, --verbose //详细输出模式，与-s互斥，如 #tripwire -m i -v
Verbose output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-s).
-s, --silent, --quiet
Silent output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-v).
-c cfgfile, --cfgfile cfgfile //使用指定的配置文件，如 #tripwire -m i -c tw.cfg
Use the specified configuration file.
-p polfile, --polfile polfile //使用指定的策略文件，如#tripwire -m i -p tw.pol
Use the specified policy file.
-d database, --dbfile database //写入到指定的数据库文件中
Write to the specified database file.
-S sitekey, --site-keyfile sitekey //使用指定的site密码对应的配置和策略文件
Use the specified site key file to read the configuration and policy files.
-L localkey, --local-keyfile localkey //使用指定的local密码来生成新的数据库文件，与-e互斥
Use the specified local key file to write the new database file. Mutually exclusive with (-e).
-P passphrase, --local-passphrase passphrase //使用密码生成新的local密码来签名数据库。
Specifies passphrase to be used with local key to sign the new database. Mutually exclusive with (-e).
-e, --no-encryption //不使用密码是签名数据库
Do not sign the database being stored. The database file will still be compressed and will not be human-readable. Mutually exclusive with (-L) and (-P).
______________________________________________________________________________
Integrity Checking mode: //完整性检查模式
[ object1 [ object2... ]]
-m c, --check //默认操作，#tripwire -m c
Mode selector.
-I, --interactive //当完整性检查结束时，用编辑器打开生成的报告，可以很容易更新数据库
At the end of integrity checking, the resulting report is opened in an editor where database updates can be easily specified using the ballot boxes included in the report.
-v, --verbose //详细输出模式
Verbose output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-s).
-s, --silent, --quiet
Silent output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-v).
-c cfgfile, --cfgfile cfgfile
Use the specified configuration file.
-p polfile, --polfile polfile
Use the specified policy file.
-d database, --dbfile database
Use the specified database file.
-r report, --twrfile report
Write the specified report file.
-S sitekey, --site-keyfile sitekey
Use the specified site key file to read the configuration and policy files.
-L localkey, --local-keyfile localkey
Use the specified local key file to read the database file and, if (-E) is specified, to write the report file.
-P passphrase, --local-passphrase passphrase
Specifies passphrase to be used with local key to sign the database when (-I) is used, and to sign the report when (-E) is used. Valid only with (-I) or (-E).
-n, --no-tty-output //不在控制台打印报告
Suppress the report from being printed at the console.
-V editor, --visual editor //用指定的编辑器编辑，与-l互斥
Use the specified editor to edit the update ballot boxes. Meaningful only with (-I).
-E, --signed-report //用指定的密码给报告加密，默认使用lcoal密码
Specifies that the Tripwire report will be signed. If no passphrase is specified on the command line, tripwire will prompt for the local passphrase.
-i list, --ignore list //不比较list指定的属性，用双引号引用，(abcdgimnprstulCHMS)
Do not compute or compare the properties specified in list. Any of the letter codes (abcdgimnprstulCHMS) specified in propertymasks can be excluded. Use of this option overrides information from the policy file. The format to be used for list is a double-quoted, comma-delimited list of properties (e.g. --ignore "p,c,m").
-l { level | name }, --severity { level | name } //只检查严重程度比level大的策略。
Check only policy rules with severity greater than or equal to the given level. The level may be specified as a number or as a name. Severity names are defined as follows:
Low 33
Medium
66
High
100
Mutually exclusive with (-R).
-R rule, --rule-name rule //只扫描指定的策略
Check only the specified policy rule. Mutually exclusive with (-l).
-x section, --section section //只扫描指定的部分
Only check the rules in the specified section of the policy file. For Tripwire 2.4.1, FS is the only meaningful argument for this flag.
-M, --email-report
Specifies that reports be emailed to the recipient(s) designated in the policy file.
-t level, --email-report-level level
Specifies the detail level of email reports, overriding the EMAILREPORTLEVEL variable in the configuration file. level must be a number from 0 to 4. Valid only with (-M).[ object1 [ object2... ]]
List of files and directories that should be integrity checked. Default is all files. If files are specified for checking, the --severity and --rule-name options will be ignored.
______________________________________________________________________________
Database Update mode:
-m u, --update
Mode selector.
-v, --verbose
Verbose output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-s).
-s, --silent, --quiet
Silent output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-v).
-c cfgfile, --cfgfile cfgfile
Use the specified configuration file.
-p polfile, --polfile polfile
Use the specified policy file.
-d database, --dbfile database
Update the specified database file.
-r report, --twrfile report
Read the specified report file.
-S sitekey, --site-keyfile sitekey
Use the specified site key file to read the configuration and policy files.
-L localkey, --local-keyfile localkey
Use the specified local key file to read the database file and report file, and to re-write the database file.
-P passphrase, --local-passphrase passphrase
Specifies passphrase to be used with local key to sign the database.
-V editor, --visual editor
Use the specified editor to edit the update ballot boxes. Mutually exclusive with (-a).
-a, --accept-all
Specifies that all the entries in the report file are updated without prompting. Mutually exclusive with (-V).
-Z { low | high }, --secure-mode { low | high }
Specifies the security level, which affects how certain conditions are handled when inconsistent information is found between the report file and the current database:
High: In high security mode, if a file does not match the properties in the report file, Tripwire reports the differences as warnings, and exits without changing the database.
Low: In low security mode, inconsistencies are reported as warnings, but the changes are still made to the database.
______________________________________________________________________________
Policy Update mode:
policyfile.txt
-m p, --update-policy
Mode selector.
-v, --verbose
Verbose output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-s).
-s, --silent, --quiet
Silent output mode. Mutually exclusive with (-v).
-c cfgfile, --cfgfile cfgfile
Use the specified configuration file.
-p polfile, --polfile polfile
Write the specified policy file.
-d database, --dbfile database
Use the specified database file.
-S sitekey, --site-keyfile sitekey
Use the specified site key file to read the configuration file, and read and write the policy file.
-L localkey, --local-keyfile localkey
Use the specified local key file to read and write the database file.
-P passphrase, --local-passphrase passphrase
Specifies passphrase to be used with local key to sign the database.
-Q passphrase, --site-passphrase passphrase
Specifies passphrase to be used with site key to sign the new policy file.
-Z { low | high }, --secure-mode { low | high }
Specifies the security level, which affects how certain conditions are handled when the existing filesystem does not match the database information. Since the database produced at the end of a policy update becomes the baseline for future integrity checks, this consistency-checking ensures that no substantive filesystem changes have occurred since the last integrity check.
High: In high security mode, if a file on the filesystem does not match the properties in the database file, Tripwire reports the differences as warnings, and exits without changing the database or the policy file.
Low: In low security mode, inconsistencies are reported as warnings, but the changes are still made to the database and policy file.
policyfile.txt
Specifies the text policy file that will become the new policy file.
______________________________________________________________________________
Test mode:
-m t, --test
Mode selector.
-e user@domain.com, --email user@domain.com
Use the specified email address. This parameter must be supplied when test mode is used. Only one address may be specified.
Version Information
This man page describes tripwire version 2.4.1
Authors
Tripwire, Inc.
Copying Permissions
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this man page provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this man page under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this man page into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by Tripwire, Inc.
Copyright 2000 Tripwire, Inc. Tripwire is a registered trademark of Tripwire, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All rights reserved.
See Also
twintro(8), twadmin(8), twprint(8), siggen(8), twconfig(4), twpolicy(4), twfiles(5)
The Design and Implementation of Tripwire: A UNIX File Integrity Checker by Gene Kim and Eugene Spafford. Purdue Technical Report CSD-TR-93-071.
