springboot数据库主从方案
本篇分享数据库主从方案,案例采用springboot+mysql+mybatis演示;要想在代码中做主从选择,通常需要明白什么时候切换数据源,怎么切换数据源,下面以代码示例来做阐述;
- 搭建测试环境(1个master库2个slave库)
- DataSource多数据源配置
- 设置mybatis数据源
- 拦截器+注解设置master和slave库选择
- 选出当前请求要使用的slave从库
- 测试用例
搭建测试环境(1个master库2个slave库)
由于测试资源优先在本地模拟创建3个数据库,分别是1个master库2个slave库,里面分别都有一个tblArticle表,内容也大致相同(为了演示主从效果,我把从库中表的title列值增加了slave字样):
再来创建一个db.properties,分别配置3个数据源,格式如下:
1 spring.datasource0.jdbc-url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db0?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false 2 spring.datasource0.username=root 3 spring.datasource0.password=123456 4 spring.datasource0.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver 5 6 spring.datasource1.jdbc-url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false 7 spring.datasource1.username=root 8 spring.datasource1.password=123456 9 spring.datasource1.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver 10 11 spring.datasource2.jdbc-url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=false 12 spring.datasource2.username=root 13 spring.datasource2.password=123456 14 spring.datasource2.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
同时我们创建具有对应关系的DbType枚举,帮助我们使代码更已读:
1 public class DbEmHelper { 2 public enum DbTypeEm { 3 db0(0, "db0(默认master)", -1), 4 db1(1, "db1", 0), 5 db2(2, "db2", 1); 6 7 /** 8 * 用于筛选从库 9 * 10 * @param slaveNum 从库顺序编号 0开始 11 * @return 12 */ 13 public static Optional<DbTypeEm> getDbTypeBySlaveNum(int slaveNum) { 14 return Arrays.stream(DbTypeEm.values()).filter(b -> b.getSlaveNum() == slaveNum).findFirst(); 15 } 16 17 DbTypeEm(int code, String des, int slaveNum) { 18 this.code = code; 19 this.des = des; 20 this.slaveNum = slaveNum; 21 } 22 23 private int code; 24 private String des; 25 private int slaveNum; 26 27 //get,set省略 28 } 29 }
DataSource多数据源配置
使用上面3个库连接串信息,配置3个不同的DataSource实例,达到多个DataSource目的;由于在代码中库的实例需要动态选择,因此我们利用AbstractRoutingDataSource来聚合多个数据源;下面是生成多个DataSource代码:
1 @Configuration 2 public class DbConfig { 3 4 @Bean(name = "dbRouting") 5 public DataSource dbRouting() throws IOException { 6 //加载db配置文件 7 InputStream in = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("db.properties"); 8 Properties pp = new Properties(); 9 pp.load(in); 10 11 //创建每个库的datasource 12 Map<Object, Object> targetDataSources = new HashMap<>(DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.values().length); 13 Arrays.stream(DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.values()).forEach(dbTypeEm -> { 14 targetDataSources.put(dbTypeEm, getDataSource(pp, dbTypeEm)); 15 }); 16 17 //设置多数据源 18 DbRouting dbRouting = new DbRouting(); 19 dbRouting.setTargetDataSources(targetDataSources); 20 return dbRouting; 21 } 22 23 /** 24 * 创建库的datasource 25 * 26 * @param pp 27 * @param dbTypeEm 28 * @return 29 */ 30 private DataSource getDataSource(Properties pp, DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm dbTypeEm) { 31 DataSourceBuilder<?> builder = DataSourceBuilder.create(); 32 33 builder.driverClassName(pp.getProperty(JsonUtil.formatMsg("spring.datasource{}.driver-class-name", dbTypeEm.getCode()))); 34 builder.url(pp.getProperty(JsonUtil.formatMsg("spring.datasource{}.jdbc-url", dbTypeEm.getCode()))); 35 builder.username(pp.getProperty(JsonUtil.formatMsg("spring.datasource{}.username", dbTypeEm.getCode()))); 36 builder.password(pp.getProperty(JsonUtil.formatMsg("spring.datasource{}.password", dbTypeEm.getCode()))); 37 38 return builder.build(); 39 } 40 }
能够看到一个DbRouting实例,其是继承了AbstractRoutingDataSource,她里面有个Map变量来存储多个数据源信息:
1 public class DbRouting extends AbstractRoutingDataSource { 2 3 @Override 4 protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() { 5 return DbContextHolder.getDb().orElse(DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.db0); 6 } 7 }
DbRouting里面主要重写了determineCurrentLookupKey(),通过设置和存储DataSource集合的Map相同的key,以此达到选择不同DataSource的目的,这里使用ThreadLocal获取同一线程存储的key;主要看AbstractRoutingDataSource类中下面代码:
1 protected DataSource determineTargetDataSource() { 2 Assert.notNull(this.resolvedDataSources, "DataSource router not initialized"); 3 Object lookupKey = this.determineCurrentLookupKey(); 4 DataSource dataSource = (DataSource)this.resolvedDataSources.get(lookupKey); 5 if(dataSource == null && (this.lenientFallback || lookupKey == null)) { 6 dataSource = this.resolvedDefaultDataSource; 7 } 8 if(dataSource == null) { 9 throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot determine target DataSource for lookup key [" + lookupKey + "]"); 10 } else { 11 return dataSource; 12 } 13 }
设置mybatis数据源
本次演示为了便利,这里使用mybatis的注解方式来查询数据库,我们需要给mybatis设置数据源,我们可以从上面的声明DataSource的bean方法获取:
1 @EnableTransactionManagement 2 @Configuration 3 public class MybaitisConfig { 4 @Resource(name = "dbRouting") 5 DataSource dataSource; 6 7 @Bean 8 public SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory() throws Exception { 9 SqlSessionFactoryBean factoryBean = new SqlSessionFactoryBean(); 10 factoryBean.setDataSource(dataSource); 11 // factoryBean.setMapperLocations(new PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver().getResources("classpath:*")); 12 return factoryBean.getObject(); 13 } 14 }
我们使用的mybatis注解方式来查询数据库,所以不需要加载mapper的xml文件,下面注解方式查询sql:
1 @Mapper 2 public interface ArticleMapper { 3 @Select("select * from tblArticle where id = #{id}") 4 Article selectById(int id); 5 }
拦截器+注解来选择master和slave库
通常操作数据的业务逻辑都放在service层,我们希望service中不同方法使用不同的库;比如:添加、修改、删除、部分查询方法等,使用master主库来操作,而大部分查询操作可以使用slave库来查询;这里通过拦截器+灵活的自定义注解来实现我们的需求:
1 @Documented 2 @Target({ElementType.METHOD}) 3 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) 4 public @interface DbType { 5 boolean isMaster() default true; 6 }
注解参数默认选择master库来操作业务(看具体需求吧)
1 @Aspect 2 @Component 3 public class DbInterceptor { 4 5 //全部service层请求都走这里,ThreadLocal才能有DbType值 6 private final String pointcut = "execution(* com.sm.service..*.*(..))"; 7 8 @Pointcut(value = pointcut) 9 public void dbType() { 10 } 11 12 @Before("dbType()") 13 void before(JoinPoint joinPoint) { 14 System.out.println("before..."); 15 16 MethodSignature methodSignature = (MethodSignature) joinPoint.getSignature(); 17 Method method = methodSignature.getMethod(); 18 DbType dbType = method.getAnnotation(DbType.class); 19 //设置Db 20 DbContextHolder.setDb(dbType == null ? false : dbType.isMaster()); 21 } 22 23 @After("dbType()") 24 void after() { 25 System.out.println("after..."); 26 27 DbContextHolder.remove(); 28 } 29 }
拦截器拦截service层的所有方法,然后获取带有自定义注解DbType的方法的isMaster值,DbContextHolder.setDb()方法判断走master还是slave库,并赋值给ThreadLocal:
1 public class DbContextHolder { 2 private static final ThreadLocal<Optional<DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm>> dbTypeEmThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>(); 3 private static final AtomicInteger atoCounter = new AtomicInteger(0); 4 5 public static void setDb(DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm dbTypeEm) { 6 dbTypeEmThreadLocal.set(Optional.ofNullable(dbTypeEm)); 7 } 8 9 public static Optional<DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm> getDb() { 10 return dbTypeEmThreadLocal.get(); 11 } 12 13 public static void remove() { 14 dbTypeEmThreadLocal.remove(); 15 } 16 17 /** 18 * 设置主从库 19 * 20 * @param isMaster 21 */ 22 public static void setDb(boolean isMaster) { 23 if (isMaster) { 24 //主库 25 setDb(DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.db0); 26 } else { 27 //从库 28 setSlave(); 29 } 30 } 31 32 private static void setSlave() { 33 //累加值达到最大时,重置 34 if (atoCounter.get() >= 100000) { 35 atoCounter.set(0); 36 } 37 38 //排除master,选出当前线程请求要使用的db从库 - 从库算法 39 int slaveNum = atoCounter.getAndIncrement() % (DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.values().length - 1); 40 Optional<DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm> dbTypeEm = DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.getDbTypeBySlaveNum(slaveNum); 41 if (dbTypeEm.isPresent()) { 42 setDb(dbTypeEm.get()); 43 } else { 44 throw new IllegalArgumentException("从库未匹配"); 45 } 46 } 47 }
这一步骤很重要,通过拦截器来到达选择master和slave目的,当然也有其他方式的;
选出当前请求要使用的slave从库
上面能选择出master和slave走向了,但是往往slave至少有两个库存在;我们需要知道怎么来选择多个slave库,目前最常用的方式通过计数器取余的方式来选择:
1 private static void setSlave() { 2 //累加值达到最大时,重置 3 if (atoCounter.get() >= 100000) { 4 atoCounter.set(0); 5 } 6 7 //排除master,选出当前线程请求要使用的db从库 - 从库算法 8 int slaveNum = atoCounter.getAndIncrement() % (DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.values().length - 1); 9 Optional<DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm> dbTypeEm = DbEmHelper.DbTypeEm.getDbTypeBySlaveNum(slaveNum); 10 if (dbTypeEm.isPresent()) { 11 setDb(dbTypeEm.get()); 12 } else { 13 throw new IllegalArgumentException("从库未匹配"); 14 } 15 }
这里根据余数来匹配对应DbType枚举,选出DataSource的Map需要的key,并且赋值到当前线程ThreadLocal中;
1 /** 2 * 用于筛选从库4 * @param slaveNum 从库顺序编号 0开始 5 * @return 6 */ 7 public static Optional<DbTypeEm> getDbTypeBySlaveNum(int slaveNum) { 8 return Arrays.stream(DbTypeEm.values()).filter(b -> b.getSlaveNum() == slaveNum).findFirst(); 9 }
测试用例
完成上面操作后,我们搭建个测试例子,ArticleService中分别如下3个方法,不同点在于@DbType注解的标记:
1 @Service 2 public class ArticleService { 3 4 @Autowired 5 ArticleMapper articleMapper; 6 7 @DbType 8 public Article selectById01(int id) { 9 Article article = articleMapper.selectById(id); 10 System.out.println(JsonUtil.formatMsg("selectById01:{} --- title:{}", DbContextHolder.getDb().get(), article.getTitle())); 11 return article; 12 } 13 14 @DbType(isMaster = false) 15 public Article selectById02(int id) { 16 Article article = articleMapper.selectById(id); 17 System.out.println(JsonUtil.formatMsg("selectById02:{} --- title:{}", DbContextHolder.getDb().get(), article.getTitle())); 18 return article; 19 } 20 21 public Article selectById(int id) { 22 Article article = articleMapper.selectById(id); 23 System.out.println(JsonUtil.formatMsg("selectById:{} --- title:{}", DbContextHolder.getDb().get(), article.getTitle())); 24 return article; 25 } 26 }
在同一个Controller层接口方法中去调用这3个service层方法,按照正常逻辑来讲,不出意外得到的结果是这样:
请求了两次接口,得到结果是:
selectById01方法:标记了@DbType,但默认走isMaster=true,实际走了db0(master)库
selectById02方法:标记了@DbType(isMaster = false),实际走了db1(slave1)库
selectById方法:没有标记了@DbType,实际走了db2(slave2)库,因为拦截器中没有找到DbType注解,让其走了slave方法;因为selectById02执行过一次slave方法,计数器+1了,因此余数也变了所以定位到了slave2库(如果是基数调用,selectById02和selectById方法来回切换走不同slave库);