Chapter 1. Introduce
Internet ?: a.specific construction of handware and software
b.communication services provied for applications
Protocal ?: it define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt(语法&语义||格式&次序+动作)
Network edge
end systems, access networks, linksNetwork core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structurecircuit vs packet switch:
great for bursty data
resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
Four sources of packet delay
1. nodal processing:
check bit errors
determine output link2. queueing
time waiting at output
link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router3. Transmission delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
time to send bits into
link = L/R4. Propagation delay:
Internet protocol stack
1.application: supporting network applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP
2.transport: process-process data transfer
TCP, UDP
3.network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
IP, routing protocols
4.link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
PPP, Ethernet
5.physical: bits “on the wire