STL：字符串用法详解
字符串是程序设计中最复杂的变成内容之一。STL string类提供了强大的功能，使得许多繁琐的编程内容用简单的语句就可完成。string字符串类减少了C语言编程中三种最常见且最具破坏性的错误：超越数组边界；通过违背初始化或被赋以错误值的指针来访问数组元素；以及在释放了某一数组原先所分配的存储单元后仍保留了“悬挂”指针。
string类的函数主要有：
Member functions
- (constructor)
- Construct string object (public member function )
- (destructor)
- String destructor (public member function )
- operator=
- String assignment (public member function )
Iterators:
- begin
- Return iterator to beginning (public member function )
- end
- Return iterator to end (public member function )
- rbegin
- Return reverse iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
- rend
- Return reverse iterator to reverse end (public member function )
- cbegin
- Return const_iterator to beginning (public member function )
- cend
- Return const_iterator to end (public member function )
- crbegin
- Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
- crend
- Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse end (public member function )
Capacity:
- size
- Return length of string (public member function )
- length
- Return length of string (public member function )
- max_size
- Return maximum size of string (public member function )
- resize
- Resize string (public member function )
- capacity
- Return size of allocated storage (public member function )
- reserve
- Request a change in capacity (public member function )
- clear
- Clear string (public member function )
- empty
- Test if string is empty (public member function )
- shrink_to_fit
- Shrink to fit (public member function )
Element access:
- operator[]
- Get character of string (public member function )
- at
- Get character in string (public member function )
- back
- Access last character (public member function )
- front
- Access first character (public member function )
Modifiers:
- operator+=
- Append to string (public member function )
- append
- Append to string (public member function )
- push_back
- Append character to string (public member function )
- assign
- Assign content to string (public member function )
- insert
- Insert into string (public member function )
- erase
- Erase characters from string (public member function )
- replace
- Replace portion of string (public member function )
- swap
- Swap string values (public member function )
- pop_back
- Delete last character (public member function )
String operations:
- c_str
- Get C string equivalent (public member function )
- data
- Get string data (public member function )
- get_allocator
- Get allocator (public member function )
- copy
- Copy sequence of characters from string (public member function )
- find
- Find content in string (public member function )
- rfind
- Find last occurrence of content in string (public member function )
- find_first_of
- Find character in string (public member function )
- find_last_of
- Find character in string from the end (public member function )
- find_first_not_of
- Find absence of character in string (public member function )
- find_last_not_of
- Find non-matching character in string from the end (public member function )
- substr
- Generate substring (public member function )
- compare
- Compare strings (public member function )
Member constants
- npos
- Maximum value for size_t (public static member constant )
Non-member functions overloads
- operator+
- Concatenate strings (function )
- relational operators
- Relational operators for string (function )
- swap
- Exchanges the values of two strings (function )
- operator>>
- Extract string from stream (function )
- operator<<
- Insert string into stream (function )
- getline
- Get line from stream into string (function )
1.string对象的定义和初始化
初始化string对象的几种方式有：
- string s1;//默认构造函数，s1为空串
- string s2(s1);//将s2初始化为s1的一个副本
- string s3("value");//将s3初始化为value
- string s4(n,'c');//将s4初始化为字符'c'的n个副本
- string s5(s4,0,3)//从s4中下标为0的字符开始，连续取3个字符构成s5
- string s6 = s5 + "value";//value 接在s5后面，注意+操作符的左右操作数至少有一个是string类型的
- 迭代器创建， 由于可将string看作字符的容器对象，因此可以给string类的构造函数传递两个迭代器，将它们之间的数据复制到心的string对象中。
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("How are you");
- string s2(s1.begin(),s1.end());
- string s3(s1.begin()+4,s1.begin()+7);
- cout<<s1<<endl;
- cout<<s2<<endl;
- cout<<s3<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
2.string 对象的读写
string对象的读写可以通过两个方式：
- 通过cin从标准输入中读取，cin忽略开题所有的空白字符，读取字符直至再次遇到空白字符，读取终止。
- 用getline读取整行文本,getline函数接受两个参数：一个输入流对象和一个string对象。getline函数从输入流的下一行读取，并保存读取的内容到string中，但不包括换行符。和输入操作符不一样的是，getline并不忽略开头的换行符。即便它是输入的第一个字符，getline也将停止读入并返回。如果第一个字符就是换行符，则string参数将被置为空string。
3.string对象的插入操作
字符串一般通过包括首字符前、尾字符后、任意位置插入等几种情况。
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("do");
- cout<<"Initial size is:"<<s1.size()<<endl;
- s1.insert(0,"How ");
- s1.append(" you");
- s1 = s1 + " do ?";
- cout<<"Final size is:"<<s1.size()<<endl;
- cout<<s1<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
通过该函数可以得出：
- insert函数，第一个参数表明插入源串的位置，第二个参数表面要插入的字符串，因此利用该函数可以实现串首、串尾及任意位置处的字符串插入功能。
- append函数，仅有一个输入参数，在源字符串尾部追加该字符串。
- 利用+实现字符串的连接，从而创建新的字符串。
4.替换操作
常用的是replace函数，有三个输入参数：第一个用于指示从字符串的什么位置开始改写，第二个用于指示从源字符串中删除多少个字符，第三个是替换字符串的值。
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("I love you forever !");
- cout<<"替换前："<<s1<<endl;
- s1.replace(7,3,"dachun");
- cout<<"替换后"<<s1<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
5.查询操作
查询常用的函数有：
- string::npos:这是string类中的一个成员变量，一般应用在判断系统查询函数的返回值上，若等于该值，表明没有符合查询条件的结果值。
- find函数：在一个字符串中查找指定的单个字符或字符组。如果找到，就返回首次匹配的开始位置；如果没有找到匹配的内容，则返回string：：npos。一般有两个输入参数，一个是待查询的字符串，一个是查询的起始位置，默认起始位置为0.
- find_first_of函数：在一个字符串中进行查找，返回值是第一个与指定字符串中任何字符匹配的字符位置；如果没有找到匹配的内容，则返回string：：npos。一般有两个输入参数，一个是待查询的字符串，一个是查询的起始位置，默认起始位置为0.
- find_last_of函数：在一个字符串中进行查找，返回值是最后一个与指定字符串中任何字符匹配的字符位置；如果没有找到匹配的内容，则返回string：：npos。一般有两个输入参数，一个是待查询的字符串，一个是查询的起始位置，默认起始位置为0.
- find_first_not_of函数：在一个字符串中进行查找，返回值是第一个与指定字符串中任何字符都不匹配的字符位置；如果没有找到匹配的内容，则返回string：：npos。一般有两个输入参数，一个是待查询的字符串，一个是查询的起始位置，默认起始位置为0.
- find_last_not_of函数：在一个字符串中进行查找，返回下标值最大的与指定字符串中任何字符都不匹配的字符位置；如果没有找到匹配的内容，则返回string：：npos。一般有两个输入参数，一个是待查询的字符串，一个是查询的起始位置，默认起始位置为0.
- rfind函数：对一个串从尾至头查找指定的单个字符或字符组，如果找到，就返回首次匹配的开始位置；如果没有找到匹配的内容，则返回string：：npos。一般有两个输入参数，一个是待查询的字符串，一个是查询的起始位置，默认起始位置为0.
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("what's your name? my name is TOM. How do you do? Fine,thanks.");
- int n = s1.find("your");
- cout<<"the first your pos:"<<n<<endl;
- n = s1.find("you",15);
- cout<<"the first you pos begin from 15:"<<n<<endl;
- n = s1.find_first_of("abcde");
- cout<<"find pos when character within abcde:"<<n<<endl;
- n = s1.find_first_of("abcde",3);
- cout<<"find pos when character within abcde from third character:"<<n<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
程序运行结果如下：
6.删除字符操作
主要用erase函数，有两个迭代器输入参数，之间表示的字符将被删除掉。
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using namespace std;
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- string s1("what's your name? my name is TOM. How do you do? Fine,thanks.");
- s1.erase(s1.begin(),s1.begin()+17);
- cout<<"after erase to s1 is:"<<s1<<endl;
- string s2 = "i love you forever!";
- s2.erase(s2.begin(),s2.end());
- cout<<"after erase to s2 is"<<s2<<endl;
- return 0;
- }
7.比较操作
主要是一句ASCII值来比较大小。若字符串s1“大于”s2，表明两者相比较时遇到了第一对不同的字符，字符串s1中第一个不同的字符比字符串s2中同样位置的字符在ASCII表中位置更靠后。
C++ STL提供了多钟字符串比较方法，他们各具特色。其中最简单的就是使用非成员的重载运算符函数operator==、operator!=、operator>、operator<、operator>=和operator<=。
