DNS构建实战（下篇）

目录

• 1.rndc远程管理
  • 1.1.生成rndc-key
  • 1.2.把rndc-key和controls配置到bind的主配置文件的options段
  • 1.3.重启bind9服务
  • 1.4.在远程管理主机上安装bind
  • 1.5.在远程管理主机上做rndc.conf
  • 1.6.使用rndc命令远程管理DNS
    • 1.6.1.查询DNS服务状态（可以取值做监控）
    • 1.6.2.管理静态域
    • 1.6.3.管理动态域（有rndc后可以手动变更区域数据文件）
• 2.智能DNS实战
  • 2.1.智能DNS概要
  • 2.2.BIND的acl访问控制列表
    • 2.2.1.4个内置acl
    • 2.2.2.自定义acl
      • 2.2.2.1. 简单acl
      • 2.2.2.2.复杂acl
    • 2.2.3 使用acl
  • 2.3.BIND9的view视图功能
    • 2.3.1.view的语法范例
    • 2.3.2.view配置范例1：按照不同业务环境解析
    • 2.3.3.view配置范例2：智能DNS
• 3.bind-chroot和dnssec技术实战
  • 3.1部署bind-chroot
    • 3.1.1.系统环境
    • 3.1.2.yum安装
    • 3.1.3.配置bind-chroot
    • 3.1.4./etc/named.conf主配置文件
    • 3.1.4.测试
  • 3.2.使用dnssec技术维护一个业务域
    • 3.2.1.打开dnssec支持选项
    • 3.2.2.配置一个业务域bkjf-inc.com
    • 3.2.3.创建数字签名证书
    • 3.2.4.创建区域数据库文件
    • 3.2.5.启动bind-chroot服务
    • 3.2.6.自动生成了签名zone
    • 3.2.7.检查本地解析
    • 3.2.8.DS记录
    • 3.2.9.后续文虎
    • 3.2.10.在任意客户端验证解析
    • 3.2.11.在第三方网站验证
    • 3.2.12.浏览器插件

1.rndc远程管理

一般而言，dns服务都是很繁忙的，一台公网的dns会维护成千上万个zone，named服务不会轻易被重启，登陆dns服务器进行维护也有极大的风险，所以需要对named服务进行远程管理。

1.1.生成rndc-key

• 安装完bind9会自动生成rndc-key，在/etc/rndc.key

[root@hdss7-11 named]# cat /etc/rndc.key 
key "rndc-key" {
	algorithm hmac-sha256;
	secret "lJULDN7O3rEJnyGVIItsD3XMN8nJ026f4sBTkKHb8JM=";
};

• 手动生成rndc.key

[root@hdss7-11 named]# rndc-confgen -r /dev/urandom 
# Start of rndc.conf
key "rndc-key" {
	algorithm hmac-md5;
	secret "YcHr6Mdp/hFVnx+x81kELw==";
};

options {
	default-key "rndc-key";
	default-server 127.0.0.1;
	default-port 953;
};
# End of rndc.conf

# Use with the following in named.conf, adjusting the allow list as needed:
# key "rndc-key" {
# 	algorithm hmac-md5;
# 	secret "YcHr6Mdp/hFVnx+x81kELw==";
# };
# 
# controls {
# 	inet 127.0.0.1 port 953
# 		allow { 127.0.0.1; } keys { "rndc-key"; };
# };
# End of named.conf

1.2.把rndc-key和controls配置到bind的主配置文件的options段

[root@hdss7-11 ~]# vi /etc/named.conf 
key "rndc-key" {
        algorithm hmac-md5;
        secret "YcHr6Mdp/hFVnx+x81kELw==";
};
                
controls {
        inet 10.4.7.11 port 953
                allow { 10.4.7.11;10.4.7.12; } keys { "rndc-key"; };
};

注意，这里需要配置一下controls段的acl，限定好哪些主机可以rndc管理DNS服务

1.3.重启bind9服务

[root@hdss7-11 ~]# systemctl restart named
[root@hdss7-11 ~]# netstat -nltup|grep 953
tcp        0      0 10.4.7.11:953           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      20544/named   

1.4.在远程管理主机上安装bind

[root@hdss7-12~]#yum  install  bind -y
远程主机安装bind，因为rndc命令在bind包里（不需要启动named）

1.5.在远程管理主机上做rndc.conf

注意：使用rndc管理的主机上，都需要配置rndc.conf，且rndc-key要和DNS服务器保持一致

[root@hdss7-12 named]# vi /etc/rndc.conf
key "rndc-key" {
        algorithm hmac-md5;
        secret "YcHr6Mdp/hFVnx+x81kELw==";
};

options {
        default-key "rndc-key";
        default-server 10.4.7.11;
        default-port 953;
};

[root@hdss7-12 named]# rm -f /etc/rndc.key 

1.6.使用rndc命令远程管理DNS

1.6.1.查询DNS服务状态（可以取值做监控）

[root@hdss7-12 named]# rndc status
version: BIND 9.11.4-P2-RedHat-9.11.4-9.P2.el7 (Extended Support Version) <id:7107deb>
running on hdss7-11.host.com: Linux x86_64 3.10.0-1062.4.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Oct 18 17:15:30 UTC 2019
boot time: Thu, 26 Dec 2019 00:28:41 GMT
last configured: Thu, 26 Dec 2019 00:28:41 GMT
configuration file: /etc/named.conf
CPUs found: 2
worker threads: 2
UDP listeners per interface: 1
number of zones: 106 (97 automatic)
debug level: 0
xfers running: 0
xfers deferred: 0
soa queries in progress: 0
query logging is OFF
recursive clients: 0/900/1000
tcp clients: 2/150
server is up and running

1.6.2.管理静态域

静态域zone文件

zone "od.com" IN { 
            type master;
            file "od.com.zone";
            allow-update { none; };
};

增、删、改、一条记录后

# rndc reload od.comzone 
reload up-to-date

1.6.3.管理动态域（有rndc后可以手动变更区域数据文件）

动态域文件

zone "host.com" IN {       
            type master;        
            file "host.com.zone";       
            allow-update { 10.4.7.11; };
 };

增、删、改、一条记录后其实是直接可以生效的（去域数据文件都是named权限）

#rndc reload host.com
rndc: 'reload' failed: dynamic zone         无需reload而且报错

需要先 freeze 再 thaw

#rndc freeze host.com
#rndc thaw host.com
The zone reload and thaw was successful.

示例：

有rndc后可以手动变更区域数据文件

2.智能DNS实战

2.1.智能DNS概要

• 智能DNS就是根据用户的来路，自动智能化判断来路IP返回给用户，而不需要用户进行选择
• 比如一个企业的站点，3个运营商的带宽都有：电信、网通、移动，同样三个不同运营商网络的访问用户，那电信访问企业网址的时候，智能DNS会自动更具IP判断，再从电信返回给电信用户；
  

2.2.BIND的acl访问控制列表

2.2.1.4个内置acl

• any：任何主机
• none：没有主机
• localhost：本机
• localnet：本地子网所有IP

2.2.2.自定义acl

2.2.2.1. 简单acl

acl "someips" {                               //定义一个名为someips的ACL    
    10.0.0.1; 192.168.23.1; 192.168.23.15;      //包含3个单个IP   
};

2.2.2.2.复杂acl

acl "complex" {             //定义一个名为complex的ACL    
    "someips";                //可以嵌套包含其他ACL    
    10.0.15.0/24;             //包含10.0.15.0子网中的所有IP    
    !10.0.16.1/24;            //非10.0.16.1子网的IP   
    {10.0.17.1;10.0.18.2;};   //包含了一个IP组    
    localhost；               //本地网络接口IP（含实际接口IP和127.0.0.1）   
};

2.2.3 使用acl

allow-update { "someips"; };allow-transfer { "complex"; };...

2.3.BIND9的view视图功能

• view语句定义了视图功能。视图是BIND9提供的强大的新功能，允许DNS服务器根据客户端的不同，有区别地回答DNS查询，每个视图定义了一个被特定客户端子集见到的DNS名称空间。这个功能在一台主机上运行多个形式上独立的DNS服务器时特别有用。

2.3.1.view的语法范例

view view_name [class] {    
    match-clients { address_match_list } ;    
    match-destinations { address_match_list } ;    
    match-recursive-only { yes_or_no } ;    
    [ view_option; ...]    
    [ zone-statistics yes_or_no ; ]    
    [ zone_statement; ...]
};

2.3.2.view配置范例1：按照不同业务环境解析

注：以下是内网DNS的view使用范例

acl "env-test" {
    10.4.7.11;
};
acl "env-prd" {
    10.4.7.12;
};

view "env-test" {
    match-clients { "env-test"; };
    recursion yes;
    zone "od.com" {
        type master;
        file "env-test.od.com.zone";
    };
};
view "env-prd" {
    match-clients { "env-prd"; };
    recursion yes;
    zone "od.com" {
        type master;
        file "env-prd.od.com.zone";
    };
};
view "default" {
    match-clients { any; };
    recursion yes;
    zone "." IN {
	type hint;
	file "named.ca";
    };
    include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
};

2.3.3.view配置范例2：智能DNS

注：以下特指公网智能DNS配置范例

//电信IP访问控制列表
acl "telecomip"{ telecom_IP; ... };
//联通IP访问控制列表
acl "netcomip"{ netcom_IP; ... };
view "telecom" {
    match-clients { "telecomip"; };
    zone "ZONE_NAME" IN {
        type master;
        file "ZONE_NAME.telecom.zone";
    };
};
view "netcom" {
    match-clients { "netcomip"; };
    zone "ZONE_NAME" IN {
        type master;
        file "ZONE_NAME.netcom.zone";
    };
};
view "default" {
    match-clients { any; };
    zone "ZONE_NAME" IN {
        type master;
        file "ZONE_NAME.zone";
    };
};

3.bind-chroot和dnssec技术实战

• 用到公网DNS，在安全上必须引起注意，bind9本身是一个开源软件，免不了会有漏洞，通过哪些手断保证公网DNS的安全性呢？
• bind-chroot技术
• dnssec技术

3.1部署bind-chroot

注意，要用到公网主机，本次实验环境腾讯云主机，并有公网ip

3.1.1.系统环境

服务器：腾讯云主机，公网ip
OS：CentOS 7.5.1804
bind-chroot：bind-chroot-9.11.4-9.P2.el7

3.1.2.yum安装

[root@VM_0_15_centos etc]# yum remove bind
[root@VM_0_15_centos ~]# yum install bind-chroot -y
//会将bind一并安装

3.1.3.配置bind-chroot

• bind-chroot本质上就是使用chroot方式给bind软件换了个“根”，这时bind软件的“根”在/var/named/chroot下，弄懂这一点，配置起来就跟bind9没什么区别了
• 把yum安装的bind-chroot 在 /etc下产生的配置文件硬链接到/var/named/chroot/etc下

/var/named/chroot/etc

[root@VM_0_15_centos ~]# cd /var/named/chroot/etc/
[root@VM_0_15_centos etc]# ls /etc/named
named/               named-chroot.files   named.conf           named.iscdlv.key     named.rfc1912.zones  named.root.key   

[root@VM_0_15_centos etc]# ln /etc/named.* .

/var/named/chroot/var/named

[root@VM_0_15_centos named]# pwd
/var/named/chroot/var/named
[root@VM_0_15_centos named]# ln /var/named/named.* .
[root@VM_0_15_centos named]# mkdir data/ dynamic/ slaves/ dnssec-key/
[root@VM_0_15_centos named]# chown -R named.named data/ dynamic/ slaves/ dnssec-key/
[root@VM_0_15_centos named]# ll

3.1.4./etc/named.conf主配置文件

编辑主配置文件，修改以下几项，把53端口开放到公网

options {
        listen-on port 53 { any; };
        allow-query     { any; };
        recursion yes;
        
        dnssec-enable yes;
        dnssec-validation yes;
        dnssec-lookaside auto;
}；

3.1.4.测试

使用随便一台主机测试
[root@hdss7-12 ~]# dig -t A baidu.com @111.231.227.17 +short
220.181.38.148
39.156.69.79

这里可以查到百度，因为recursion 是开启的，但是在生产中，此选项一般为no

3.2.使用dnssec技术维护一个业务域

• 在公网上使用BIND9维护的业务域，最好使用dnssec技术对该域添加数字签名 *
• DNSSEC（DNS Security Extension）—-DNS安全扩展，主要是为了解决DNS欺骗和缓存污染问题而设计的一种安全机制。
  DNSSEC技术参考文献1
  DNSSEC技术参考文献2

3.2.1.打开dnssec支持选项

/etc/named.conf

dnssec-enable yes;
dnssec-validation yes;
dnssec-lookaside auto;

3.2.2.配置一个业务域bkjf-inc.com

/etc/named.rfc1912.zones

zone "bkjf-inc.com" IN {
        type master;
        file "bkjf-inc.com.zone";
        key-directory "dnssec-key/bkjf-inc.com";
        inline-signing yes;
        auto-dnssec maintain;
        allow-update { none; };
};

3.2.3.创建数字签名证书

/var/named/chroot/var/named/dnssec-key

[root@VM_0_13_centos dnssec-key]# mkdir bkjf-inc.com
[root@VM_0_13_centos dnssec-key]# chgrp named bkjf-inc.com
[root@VM_0_13_centos dnssec-key]# cd bkjf-inc.com
[root@VM_0_13_centos bkjf-inc.com]# dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 1024 bkjf-inc.com
Generating key pair..................................++++++ .++++++ 
Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+53901
[root@VM_0_13_centos bkjf-inc.com]# dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 2048 -f KSK bkjf-inc.com                                                                           KSK bkjf-inc.com
Generating key pair..........................................................................................+++ ............................................
.....+++ 
Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+40759

[root@VM_0_13_centos bkjf-inc.com]# chgrp named *
[root@VM_0_13_centos bkjf-inc.com]# chmod g+r *.private
[root@VM_0_13_centos bkjf-inc.com]# ll
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root named  607 Feb 28 14:10 Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+40759.key
-rw-r----- 1 root named 1776 Feb 28 14:10 Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+40759.private
-rw-r--r-- 1 root named  433 Feb 28 14:10 Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+53901.key
-rw-r----- 1 root named 1012 Feb 28 14:10 Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+53901.private

这里如果生成秘钥的速度很慢，需要yum安装一下haveged软件并开启

# systemctl start haveged.service

3.2.4.创建区域数据库文件

/var/named/chroot/var/named/bkjf-inc.com.zone

[root@VM_0_13_centos named]# cat bkjf-inc.com.zone
$TTL 600	; 10 minutes
@               IN SOA	ns1.bkjf-inc.com. 87527941.qq.com. (
                2018121605 ; serial
                10800      ; refresh (3 hours)
                900        ; retry (15 minutes)
                604800     ; expire (1 week)
                86400      ; minimum (1 day)
                )
                NS     ns1.bkjf-inc.com.
                NS     ns2.bkjf-inc.com.
$ORIGIN bkjf-inc.com.
$TTL 60	; 1 minute
ns1             A     192.144.198.128
ns2             A     192.144.198.128
www             A     192.144.198.128
eshop           CNAME www

3.2.5.启动bind-chroot服务

# systemctl start named-chroot

3.2.6.自动生成了签名zone

如果启动成功且配置无误，应该自动生成了带签名的zone

/var/named/chroot/var/named/

[root@VM_0_13_centos named]# ll
total 60
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  named  507 Feb 28 14:34 bkjf-inc.com.zone
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named  512 Feb 28 14:26 bkjf-inc.com.zone.jbk
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named  742 Feb 28 14:35 bkjf-inc.com.zone.jnl
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named 4102 Feb 28 14:44 bkjf-inc.com.zone.signed
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named 7481 Feb 28 14:35 bkjf-inc.com.zone.signed.jnl

检查签名区需要用到完全区域传送

[root@VM_0_13_centos named]# dig -t AXFR bkjf-inc.com @localhost

; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-73.el7_6 <<>> -t AXFR bkjf-inc.com @localhost
;; global options: +cmd
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	SOA	ns1.bkjf-inc.com. 87527941.qq.com. 2018121608 10800 900 604800 86400
bkjf-inc.com.		86400	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 2 86400 20190330063503 20190228053503 53901 bkjf-inc.com. 0fyLJXxaDOI+RWnYjK2tGpd6WgbWmgeIADtjpPQFQLrv1X9fuDLi2MFR q0+csg5P22eVUdasKi3q5tMmFW8GZtLEBBVtOtSba3/FvtoitvyBGcG6 KJ155dPbhEFe/eR0/JhWtFsIsyj/UHtgELB4eGYJYCeEI+WzUopT7voz 4UE=
bkjf-inc.com.		86400	IN	NSEC	eshop.bkjf-inc.com. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY TYPE65534
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	RRSIG	NS 8 2 600 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. Y/T0m4p0yNrJwJiHc0mjDgit/9E4h7MXPb5F2WgBd+huXYgL0pS0vOb3 c2aRvHHW/zngPjShOfy3sYY5203SzPS15tN6E/RAs36/I33sZE7jZBFo 9q0KjEdKHNsoC9XISSdbLPCX879/B1rKZcmhpPNmhpAK6P351nWWgd9L jtU=
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	RRSIG	SOA 8 2 600 20190330063503 20190228053503 53901 bkjf-inc.com. eE3nKlCmAZrjJ3DwdzPStYmrC38X6VCqCxIc6otLJDX65Uk2uSqGSPre WIu16zEsbuuxq7/38ABrupQNwkPAgaSaiLIRC/000PXzKsUPhll0xO4x u9tLg2LBRATQ+4dHpKtLsoBTX0nXVHlz09YeAAA82r5wyQye2/ebesxH +A4=
bkjf-inc.com.		0	IN	RRSIG	TYPE65534 8 2 0 20190330054441 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. sEX7jpdTbUZ3hlIR2CRWHbgceAQFVOVKnVl6CXvyQhavIFjUyBMMhXTw hKYwXd2Hc0LGg9koWJqlt0oYS8YbXacKbeBUrLovmcbYP46Uhm05zaVo jswG7oYYsYDE3ekbl5ImnAEyjksSNOgk8if/WoUvXfF5QH6Rdl+6Q3qG cEI=
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 600 20190330063309 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. rUGjMTxmbthB6UbmemoorQOfuen8u0xeOosl7lPRNLV2Hk7KsAZzUD2/ tRAJaY9NRZ1JhZHkmX/N5hncuVpPxZnrp8UB7qOoairqgjA73IFGoT0F 00KIU0FZaqsQAbBSzpzfbwr9KVbn1hTAq6/5Q/wrWZvQOASMYrF5Xhr9 lW4=
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	RRSIG	DNSKEY 8 2 600 20190330063309 20190228053309 40759 bkjf-inc.com. lBXWXbTshdeH/oOkBGdwIspet0ABbhUZfzAXUjOP3ivCMW5sse3ZayEA qPe6mZncURqomWNA/xQKemoJJjtlAwc5F4CjmtrUierdy3EVVKS0NFnz 9L3PxiJcOxl1VVtSBX+XAOPa0xkS3cpEbFVOym4NaKsoLgcqKKBjjBu4 dhWoXoxXk7PE5fogo9/BM0heGI4XpnixUSTbucMw4bcnNYPY0qKUBs2o alt1CvrGz78oOO10//pXpw/ml89UwWo28/FDvxeuXS7soeImDRklTLlE xV/Q3//v7o73ZosAdSR+9xFdcZtVs43Jjo3Cy8WL1Zjz6BdRd59Fyu6h WghEKg==
bkjf-inc.com.		0	IN	TYPE65534 \# 5 08D28D0001
bkjf-inc.com.		0	IN	TYPE65534 \# 5 089F370001
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	DNSKEY	256 3 8 AwEAAflXAWLXAVJUEj29iidwVvZALuQr03hLn1bEl81XDtD63H7wwHS9 i9fNDYL0q0FkRDkuzXEQpb3UUleu/RYtSd9w6Ads0RWNUyB6X1E4Djmv sPwFwvo570svZSVky2rjEHnySgVI2ywqhcRYLMKjxE6pXuzXrqecQcF2 qrMq2xmJ
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	DNSKEY	257 3 8 AwEAAbxFYlbq+R8y/hGg/xL8xDBasZGYtgPOqVd3bP68p98YHsFwHyG8 u3svatzRoq8STNjKKZEluDC2bcUIn9/mRHyorTYPtwyePxPEgVE4yhBy 9xqD4ES+ty7kuHOUz/WEHdNdYRhYyHe+SGf4dHnmU49pHIBCE8xFX6fs t270webjuXs4Pt6qRlyoFC3XmpRDiMNVwtM+doUxo/MRK4mw5zTeHyyf dFLVOvE3mW/ZKgBfnrsj0zE71bnD5nTxJIjDv1bUppbiRy5RK40jPhHu zaa3quxg1yS/BceYcjJpZJUc3LS55HGzatfuK799KvukuDKf7u71ylW+ 5ynT7Sxhbt0=
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	NS	ns1.bkjf-inc.com.
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	NS	ns2.bkjf-inc.com.
eshop.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 86400 20190330063503 20190228053503 53901 bkjf-inc.com. dHM2PhYs7BVuhD//iGhcwPZGZmHDkBCfWKju6ZZlvSx3I+QmWWvVdKCj 8YCw2AkWhgARxFfRMzhxRwDjgEgHhxUr4UGPH9+kJpvGi+UpFBVoBvPw iL43qCn/4J2f6URuAY8Dcq0DFpR0QLVJgIXBZpyhUYu5hZNWI2tzfyhO GlM=
eshop.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	NSEC	ns1.bkjf-inc.com. CNAME RRSIG NSEC
eshop.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	RRSIG	CNAME 8 3 60 20190330063503 20190228053503 53901 bkjf-inc.com. 9ONt81AjpHFrM8YwDm7pQAg62oDBgaNzdtDIqtBHt5h/BPl83fOP/dOp P0Xi+y/OsFjDzHBSBDU4sy3fJwHBqm8uuMc6m33pIZfTq15fxFXF+2hU ift1bc0b0dk/L7ANZ5haEsDcl+hSVjwru2o2ISJtvp5zySZ61pdMvA6y ktg=
eshop.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	CNAME	www.bkjf-inc.com.
ns1.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 60 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. 9MUZhsTxlmn5B6QXg/iCQoFyilRh8H4OJcTgpu1KgSyMTiBoEwJGdhIx k2XimlJZr9/MrSeRbuLwMZOnwFJ7w9fcIunrYHiE1T71y0BcLnQOKaJf SkJI5VKUam80+J6unkscCj0i/Y1kXTjXWLODKsZzw4+zLz5cGJk6hvsn XP4=
ns1.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 86400 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. EFeX2LsEd/flN2/5lCgKlSTtC93WH0LDw9GW1RAlLIfxFAptPsXkmy7y B0Blt7tOuaxA/cTNbnFZBnyo8G3YW90LnYagqeuNzl+90gjUxsbbhE4f pTkQkRXRsvcagYDKQjs9nkN1SAF13SagnupR8D2crHADICjy8RHjHtgA byM=
ns1.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	NSEC	ns2.bkjf-inc.com. A RRSIG NSEC
ns1.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	A	192.144.198.128
ns2.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 60 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. N2ssp0Eh6SyHBYHskedxUpfIp29DETt2g74sCuhrXwMuwLjOdVwuB02i /LqzDLyDbVZnMZncqoQ367AV2b/ttU/FJZcHiAlI2tLRTxVuNyj/E2YN BIDAtIqueNdJzsyE7n1yz9sPcsTrOidrIqqbM3qom5tMQvdo+2jrnhR3 UoY=
ns2.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 86400 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. sTTRnUQxPBbeAG0WrQpn4iK/U62D2s8umLwx8w8bx+bwxQdhR8Yyz8Ke tSelkffgctCtyUi5i7ibSTnvUJTcvOcvWWteMOQfQqXJmAngADx87cba /M+OJqRwp8tu3PEniPpTYN3msGSEFILyxLCO/2cyBzK+8jhFFKYyMOn/ ViQ=
ns2.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	NSEC	www.bkjf-inc.com. A RRSIG NSEC
ns2.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	A	192.144.198.128
www.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	RRSIG	A 8 3 60 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. aKI5N4y6eqN/xunC7+4vYa3cSHyXcW533iGA6/q34/ahvq0sTgYN36aF oBO0t8fRvwS3chZaPxwuqbk6hGSW+tRhJ8x/Nnwtbcn004W0ZxI1k046 JW/ePLhq1Cw2GPHXJTsfCjYmAOcwssX2yUv6q9/vocXx/mipuTMljrId yhE=
www.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	RRSIG	NSEC 8 3 86400 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. 0q3C+xMKE1p586q+p8U4AHGiNjzzI899TcmL2P4x8x1B7rkc22rsakX9 AnNFAzkPOTVLr81GQtBraI1K6El2QDKcPkE9+0e+34tirpuUzVlzjYB2 f4WHGxTscdOMpCestqnmspQpmXm37+EBWS0alBBq3Db8T+F/3CSEGRS7 Ao0=
www.bkjf-inc.com.	86400	IN	NSEC	bkjf-inc.com. A RRSIG NSEC
www.bkjf-inc.com.	60	IN	A	192.144.198.128
bkjf-inc.com.		600	IN	SOA	ns1.bkjf-inc.com. 87527941.qq.com. 2018121608 10800 900 604800 86400
;; Query time: 1 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)
;; WHEN: Thu Feb 28 15:22:46 CST 2019
;; XFR size: 31 records (messages 1, bytes 3433)

这里看到每个记录都附带了一个RRSIG记录，说明已经进行了数字签名

3.2.7.检查本地解析

[root@VM_0_13_centos named]# dig -t A www.bkjf-inc.com @localhost +dnssec +short
192.144.198.128
A 8 3 60 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. aKI5N4y6eqN/xunC7+4vYa3cSHyXcW533iGA6/q34/ahvq0sTgYN36aF oBO0t8fRvwS3chZaPxwuqbk6hGSW+tRhJ8x/Nnwtbcn004W0ZxI1k046 JW/ePLhq1Cw2GPHXJTsfCjYmAOcwssX2yUv6q9/vocXx/mipuTMljrId yhE=

3.2.8.DS记录

在生成证书的目录对ZSK执行dnssec-dsfromkey命令，得到bkjf-inc.com的DS记录，这里我们使用比较长的那个

/var/named/chroot/var/named/dnssec-key/bkjf-inc.com

[root@VM_0_13_centos bkjf-inc.com]#  dnssec-dsfromkey `grep -l zone-signing *key`
bkjf-inc.com. IN DS 53901 8 1 5E13F6C0ECEE84248C2543693CE7D8617920983B
bkjf-inc.com. IN DS 53901 8 2 3006068B784AFBBC67133F123A0C389514959FCB6CAB0032DB200F08E6E5C384

其中：

53901：关键标签，用于标识域名的DNSSEC记录，一个小于65535的整数值
8：生成签名的加密算法，8对应RSA/SHA-256
2：构建摘要的加密算法，2对应SHA-256
最后一段：摘要值，就是DS记录值

参考万网（阿里云）上关于dnssec配置的文档：参考文档

DS记录需要通过运营商提交到上级DNS的信任锚中，这里是通过万网的配置页面，提交到.com域

注意：要在阿里云上将该域名的dns服务器指向自定义DNS服务器：参考文档

3.2.9.后续文虎

dnssec需要定期轮转，所以需要经常变更签名，其中

• ZSK轮转

建议每年轮转

• KSK轮转

建议更新ssl证书后尽快轮转？

轮转方法：

• ZSK(zone-signing key)
  /var/named/chroot/var/named/dnssec-key/bkjf-inc.com

$ cd /var/named/chroot/var/named/dnssec-key/bkjf-inc.com
$ dnssec-settime -I yyyy0101 -D yyyy0201 Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+53901
$ dnssec-keygen -S Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+53901
$ chgrp bind *
$ chmod g+r *.private

• KSK轮转(key-signing key)
  /var/named/chroot/var/named/dnssec-key/bkjf-inc.com

$ cd /var/named/chroot/var/named/dnssec-key/bkjf-inc.com
$ dnssec-settime -I yyyy0101 -D yyyy0201 Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+40759
$ dnssec-keygen -S Kbkjf-inc.com.+008+40759
$ chgrp bind *
$ chmod g+r *.private

注意：KSK轮转需要同步在万网上更新DS记录

3.2.10.在任意客户端验证解析

#dig -t A www.bkjf-inc.com @8.8.8.8 +dnssec +short
192.144.198.128
A 8 3 60 20190330063017 20190228053309 53901 bkjf-inc.com. aKI5N4y6eqN/xunC7+4vYa3cSHyXcW533iGA6/q34/ahvq0sTgYN36aF oBO0t8fRvwS3chZaPxwuqbk6hGSW+tRhJ8x/Nnwtbcn004W0ZxI1k046 JW/ePLhq1Cw2GPHXJTsfCjYmAOcwssX2yUv6q9/vocXx/mipuTMljrId yhE=

#dig CNAME eshop.bkjf-inc.com @8.8.8.8 +dnssec +short
www.bkjf-inc.com.
CNAME 8 3 60 20190330063503 20190228053503 53901 bkjf-inc.com. 9ONt81AjpHFrM8YwDm7pQAg62oDBgaNzdtDIqtBHt5h/BPl83fOP/dOp P0Xi+y/OsFjDzHBSBDU4sy3fJwHBqm8uuMc6m33pIZfTq15fxFXF+2hU ift1bc0b0dk/L7ANZ5haEsDcl+hSVjwru2o2ISJtvp5zySZ61pdMvA6y ktg=

3.2.11.在第三方网站验证

https://en.internet.nl/site/www.bkjf-inc.com/473349/

3.2.12.浏览器插件

https://www.dnssec-validator.cz/

• 参考文献