Kubernetes 安装手册(非高可用版)
Kubernetes 安装手册(非高可用版)
集群信息
1. 节点规划
部署k8s集群的节点按照用途可以划分为如下2类角色:
- master:集群的master节点,集群的初始化节点,基础配置不低于2C4G
- slave:集群的slave节点,可以多台,基础配置不低于2C4G
本例为了演示slave节点的添加,会部署一台master+2台slave,节点规划如下:
主机名 | 节点ip | 角色 | 部署组件 |
---|---|---|---|
k8s-master | 172.23.232.94 | master | etcd, kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kubectl, kubeadm, kubelet, kube-proxy, flannel |
k8s-slave1 | 172.16.203.193 | slave | kubectl, kubelet, kube-proxy, flannel |
k8s-slave2 | 172.16.203.192 | slave | kubectl, kubelet, kube-proxy, flannel |
2. 组件版本
组件 | 版本 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
CentOS | CentOS 7.9 64位 | |
Kernel | Linux 3.10.0-1062.9.1.el7.x86_64 | |
etcd | 3.3.15 | 使用容器方式部署,默认数据挂载到本地路径 |
coredns | 1.6.2 | |
kubeadm | v1.16.2 | |
kubectl | v1.16.2 | |
kubelet | v1.16.2 | |
kube-proxy | v1.16.2 | |
flannel | v0.11.0 |
安装前准备工作
1. 设置hosts解析
操作节点:所有节点(k8s-master,k8s-slave
)均需执行
- 修改hostname
hostname必须只能包含小写字母、数字、","、"-",且开头结尾必须是小写字母或数字
# 在master节点
$ hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master #设置master节点的hostname
# 在slave-1节点
$ hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-slave1 #设置slave1节点的hostname
# 在slave-2节点
$ hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-slave2 #设置slave2节点的hostname
- 添加hosts解析
$ cat >>/etc/hosts<<EOF
172.23.232.94 k8s-master
172.16.203.193 k8s-slave1
172.16.203.192 k8s-slave2
EOF
2. 调整系统配置
操作节点: 所有的master和slave节点(k8s-master,k8s-slave
)需要执行
本章下述操作均以k8s-master为例,其他节点均是相同的操作(ip和hostname的值换成对应机器的真实值)
- 设置安全组开放端口
如果节点间无安全组限制(内网机器间可以任意访问),可以忽略,否则,至少保证如下端口可通:
k8s-master节点:TCP:6443,2379,2380,60080,60081UDP协议端口全部打开
k8s-slave节点:UDP协议端口全部打开
- 设置iptables
iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
- 关闭swap
swapoff -a
# 防止开机自动挂载 swap 分区
sed -i '/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab
- 关闭selinux和防火墙
sed -ri 's#(SELINUX=).*#\1disabled#' /etc/selinux/config
setenforce 0
systemctl disable firewalld && systemctl stop firewalld
- 修改内核参数
cat <<EOF > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
vm.max_map_count=262144
EOF
modprobe br_netfilter
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
- 设置yum源
$ curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/Centos-7.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
$ curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
$ cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
$ yum clean all && yum makecache
3. 安装docker
操作节点: 所有节点
## 查看所有的可用版本
$ yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
##安装旧版本 yum install docker-ce-cli-18.09.9-3.el7 docker-ce-18.09.9-3.el7
## 安装源里最新版本
$ yum install docker-ce
## 配置docker加速
$ mkdir -p /etc/docker
vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
"insecure-registries": [
"172.23.232.94:5000"
],
"registry-mirrors" : [
"https://8xpk5wnt.mirror.aliyuncs.com"
]
}
## 启动docker
$ systemctl enable docker && systemctl start docker
部署kubernetes
1. 安装 kubeadm, kubelet 和 kubectl
操作节点: 所有的master和slave节点(k8s-master,k8s-slave
) 需要执行
$ yum install -y kubelet-1.16.2 kubeadm-1.16.2 kubectl-1.16.2 --disableexcludes=kubernetes
## 查看kubeadm 版本
$ kubeadm version
## 设置kubelet开机启动
$ systemctl enable kubelet
2. 初始化配置文件
操作节点: 只在master节点(k8s-master
)执行
$ kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm.yaml
$ cat kubeadm.yaml
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
- system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
ttl: 24h0m0s
usages:
- signing
- authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
advertiseAddress: 172.23.232.94 # apiserver地址,因为单master,所以配置master的节点内网IP
bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
criSocket: /var/run/dockershim.sock
name: k8s-master
taints:
- effect: NoSchedule
key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
---
apiServer:
timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns:
type: CoreDNS
etcd:
local:
dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers # 修改成阿里镜像源
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.16.2
networking:
dnsDomain: cluster.local
podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16 # Pod 网段,flannel插件需要使用这个网段
serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
scheduler: {}
对于上面的资源清单的文档比较杂,要想完整了解上面的资源对象对应的属性,可以查看对应的 godoc 文档,地址: https://godoc.org/k8s.io/kubernetes/cmd/kubeadm/app/apis/kubeadm/v1beta2。
3. 提前下载镜像
操作节点:只在master节点(k8s-master
)执行
# 查看需要使用的镜像列表,若无问题,将得到如下列表
$ kubeadm config images list --config kubeadm.yaml
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.16.0
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.16.0
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.16.0
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.16.0
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.1
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.3.15-0
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.2
# 提前下载镜像到本地
$ kubeadm config images pull --config kubeadm.yaml
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.16.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.16.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.16.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.16.0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.1
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.3.15-0
[config/images] Pulled registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:1.6.2
重要更新:如果出现不可用的情况,请使用如下方式来代替:
-
还原kubeadm.yaml的imageRepository
... imageRepository: k8s.gcr.io ... ## 查看使用的镜像源 kubeadm config images list --config kubeadm.yaml k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.16.0 k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.16.0 k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.16.0 k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.16.0 k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.1 k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.3.15-0 k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2
-
使用docker hub中的镜像源来下载,注意上述列表中要加上处理器架构,通常我们使用的虚拟机都是amd64
$ docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler-amd64:v1.16.0 $ docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd-amd64:3.3.15-0 ... $ docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd-amd64:3.3.15-0 k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.3.15-0
4. 初始化master节点
操作节点:只在master节点(k8s-master
)执行
kubeadm init --config kubeadm.yaml
若初始化成功后,最后会提示如下信息:
...
Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 172.23.232.94:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6bd6bbafac5913cad6dcc6d4e306b3ee8a639a1d5d0afacee2106516756367a4
接下来按照上述提示信息操作,配置kubectl客户端的认证
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
⚠️注意:此时使用 kubectl get nodes查看节点应该处于notReady状态,因为还未配置网络插件
若执行初始化过程中出错,根据错误信息调整后,执行kubeadm reset后再次执行init操作即可
5. 添加slave节点到集群中
操作节点:所有的slave节点(k8s-slave
)需要执行
在每台slave节点,执行如下命令,该命令是在kubeadm init成功后提示信息中打印出来的,需要替换成实际init后打印出的命令。
kubeadm join 172.23.232.94:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6bd6bbafac5913cad6dcc6d4e306b3ee8a639a1d5d0afacee2106516756367a4
6. 安装flannel插件
操作节点:只在master节点(k8s-master
)执行
- 下载flannel的yaml文件,这里可能会遇到网络问题,多尝试几次即可。
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/2140ac876ef134e0ed5af15c65e414cf26827915/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
- 修改配置,指定网卡名称,大概在文件的和170行,190行,添加一行配置:
$ vi kube-flannel.yml
...
containers:
- name: kube-flannel
image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
command:
- /opt/bin/flanneld
args:
- --ip-masq
- --kube-subnet-mgr
- --iface=eth0 # 如果机器存在多网卡的话,指定内网网卡的名称,默认不指定的话会找第一块网
resources:
requests:
cpu: "100m"
...
- 执行安装flannel网络插件
# 先拉取镜像,此过程国内速度比较慢
$ docker pull quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
# 执行flannel安装
$ kubectl create -f kube-flannel.yml
7. 设置master节点是否可调度(可选)
操作节点:k8s-master
默认部署成功后,master节点无法调度业务pod,如需设置master节点也可以参与pod的调度,需执行:
$ kubectl taint node k8s-master node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule-
8. 验证集群
操作节点: 在master节点(k8s-master
)执行
$ kubectl get nodes #观察集群节点是否全部Ready
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master Ready master 22h v1.13.3
k8s-slave Ready <none> 22h v1.13.3
创建测试nginx服务
$ kubectl run test-nginx --image=nginx:alpine
查看pod是否创建成功,并访问pod ip测试是否可用
$ kubectl get po -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
test-nginx-5bd8859b98-5nnnw 1/1 Running 0 9s 10.244.1.2 k8s-slave1 <none> <none>
$ curl 10.244.1.2
...
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
9. 部署dashboard
- 部署服务
# 推荐使用下面这种方式
$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0-beta5/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
$ vi recommended.yaml
# 修改Service为NodePort类型
......
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
labels:
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
name: kubernetes-dashboard
namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
ports:
- port: 443
targetPort: 8443
selector:
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
type: NodePort # 加上type=NodePort变成NodePort类型的服务
......
- 查看访问地址,本例为30133端口
kubectl create -f recommended.yaml
kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
dashboard-metrics-scraper ClusterIP 10.106.82.51 <none> 8000/TCP 31m
kubernetes-dashboard NodePort 10.99.93.117 <none> 443:32336/TCP 31m
-
使用浏览器访问 https://182.92.215.187:32336,其中182.92.215.187为master节点的外网ip地址,chrome目前由于安全限制,测试访问不了,使用firefox可以进行访问。
-
创建ServiceAccount进行访问
$ vi admin.conf
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
name: admin
annotations:
rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: admin
namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: admin
namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
$ kubectl create -f admin.conf
$ kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret |grep admin-token
admin-token-fqdpf kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 7m17s
# 使用该命令拿到token,然后粘贴到
$ kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret admin-token-fqdpf -o jsonpath={.data.token}|base64 -d
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ik1rb2xHWHMwbWFPMjJaRzhleGRqaExnVi1BLVNRc2txaEhETmVpRzlDeDQifQ.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLWRhc2hib2FyZCIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VjcmV0Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbi10b2tlbi1mcWRwZiIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50LnVpZCI6IjYyNWMxNjJlLTQ1ZG...
10. 清理环境
如果你的集群安装过程中遇到了其他问题,我们可以使用下面的命令来进行重置:
$ kubeadm reset
$ ifconfig cni0 down && ip link delete cni0
$ ifconfig flannel.1 down && ip link delete flannel.1
$ rm -rf /var/lib/cni/