Django使用心得(三)
本篇主要讲解如何将可复用的功能作成独立的App,并从主Project中分离出来,便于以后加入到任意Project中。
下面以一个简单的例子来说明如何物理上分离各个可复用的App
- 建立1个主Project和3个子App
- 简单的实现3个子App
- 关联主工程和3个子App
1. 建立1个主Project和3个子App
首先建立一个django project,名为siteWithApps。建立方法参见Django使用心得(一)
然后建立3个子工程:(3个子工程没有实际的功能,只是模拟如何在django中分离App)
subApp1: 模拟权限认证功能,认证成功后返回siteWithApps
subApp2: 无实际功能,可返回siteWithApps
subApp3: 无实际功能,可返回siteWithApps
2. 简单的实现3个子App
3个子App的建立也非常简单,只需建立一个文件夹,然后在文件夹中新建3个空文件,文件名分别为__init__.py,urls.py,views.py,本次不涉及数据库,所以没有建立models.py。
注意,这里为了从物理上也分离这3个App,将这3个App放在与siteWithApps不同文件夹中了。整个工程的文件夹结构请参照本文最后的部分。
3个子App分别独立实现,与主Project没有任何联系,方便移植到其他Project中复用。
代码如下:
# subApp1: # file : views.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from django.shortcuts import render_to_response def Login( request ): name = request.POST.get( 'user_name', '' ) pwd = request.POST.get( 'user_pass', '' ) result = False if name == 'admin' and pwd == '123': result = True return render_to_response( 'subApp1/check_login.html', { 'user_name' : name, 'user_pass': pwd, 'result' : result }) # file : urls.py from django.conf.urls.defaults import * urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^$', 'subApp1.views.Login' ), )
# subApp2: # file: views.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from django.shortcuts import render_to_response def App( request ): return render_to_response( 'subApp2/subApp2.html' ) # file: urls.py from django.conf.urls.defaults import * urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^$', 'subApp2.views.App' ), )
# subApp3: # file: views.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from django.shortcuts import render_to_response def App( request ): return render_to_response( 'subApp3/subApp3.html' ) # file: urls.py from django.conf.urls.defaults import * urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^$', 'subApp3.views.App' ), )
3. 关联主工程和3个子App
通过主Project的urls.py,与3个子App关联起来。耦合性非常低,可以方便的追加新的App或删除已有的App。
主Project的urls.py如下:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import * urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^siteWithApps/$', 'siteWithApps.views.Init' ), (r'^siteWithApps/apps/$', 'siteWithApps.views.Contents' ), (r'^siteWithApps/logincheck/$', include('subApp1.urls') ), (r'^siteWithApps/app2/$', include('subApp2.urls') ), (r'^siteWithApps/app3/$', include('subApp3.urls') ), )
需要注意的一点是,为了能识别位于不同文件夹下的子App,需要在主Project的settings.py开始部分加入下面一段。
# add for add isolate app import sys def AddToPythonPath(): sys.path.append(r"D:/vim/python/django/django-apps/") AddToPythonPath() # end for add
这样urls.py中的include就不会报错了。
主Project和子App的template如下:
// file : siteWithApps->base.html <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title> </head> <body> {% if result %} <a href="/siteWithApps/apps/"><h2>Go to Avilable APPS</h2></a> {% else %} <form action="/siteWithApps/logincheck/" method="post"> <label for="user_name">用户名:</label> <input type="text" id="user_name" name="user_name" /> <label for="user_pass">密码 :</label> <input type="text" id="user_pass" name="user_pass" /> <br /> <input type="submit" value="登录" /> </form {% endif %} {% block login_result %}{% endblock %} </body> </html> // file : siteWithApps->apps.html <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title> </head> <body> <h2>Go to Avilable APPS</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/siteWithApps/app2/">subApp2</a> </li> <li><a href="/siteWithApps/app3/">subApp3</a></li> </ul> {% block subApp %}{% endblock %} </body> </html>
// file : subApp1->check_login.html {% extends "siteWithApps/base.html" %} {% block title %}LoginCheck{% endblock %} {% block login_result %} <h2>输入的用户名和密码分别为:{{ user_name }} 和 {{ user_pass }}</h2> <label for="login_result">登录结果:</label> {% if result %} <h1>登录成功</h1> {% else %} <h1>登录失败</h1> {% endif %} {% endblock %}
// file : subApp2->subApp2.html {% extends "siteWithApps/apps.html" %} {% block title %}subApp 2{% endblock %} {% block subApp %} <h1>This sub App 2</h1> {% endblock %}
// file : subApp3->subApp3 {% extends "siteWithApps/apps.html" %} {% block title %}subApp 3{% endblock %} {% block subApp %} <h1>This sub App 3</h1> {% endblock %}
整个工程的目录如下:
D:\Vim\python\django |-django-apps | | | |-subApp1 | | |-urls.py | | |-views.py | | `-__init__.py | | | |-subApp2 | | |-urls.py | | |-views.py | | `-__init__.py | | | `-subApp3 | |-urls.py | |-views.py | `-__init__.py | |-django-templates | |-siteWithApps | | |-apps.html | | `-base.html | | | |-subApp1 | | `-check_login.html | | | |-subApp2 | | `-subApp2.html | | | `-subApp3 | `-subApp3.html | `-siteWithApps |-manage.py |-settings.py |-urls.py |-views.py `-__init__.py