radon变换用于车牌图像倾斜矫正[水平倾斜和垂直倾斜]
Radon变换定义:下图显示了在指定的旋转角度的单一投影。间距为1个像素的平行光穿过图像,则radon变换计算穿过图像长度上的积分,即
f(x,y) 在垂直方向的线积分是f(X,Y)投影到X轴;在水平方向的积分是f(X,Y)投影到Y轴。可以沿任意角度θ计算投影,下图说明了Radon变换沿角度θ的几何形状。
其实可以通俗地理解为将图像上每一个点向一个旋转的新坐标系y'作投影,在得到的投影合集中找到最大投影就能知道图像的最大化为偏角,使用旋转公式就能将图像矫正过来。
车牌识别中遇到两种倾斜,垂直和水平倾斜。两种倾斜都是因为相机安装位置和监控过车角度没有对好导致。
垂直倾斜二值图:
水平倾斜二值图:
垂直倾斜为菱形扭曲,水平倾斜车牌字符仍保留原来的比例特征。理论上通过从radon变换结果中取得最大投影的角度,然后就可以将图像进行旋转矫正。下面是Matlab实现:
clear all clc close all [inputfilename,dirname] = uigetfile('*.*'); inputfilename = [dirname, inputfilename]; im = imread(inputfilename); % For example: 'input.jpg' grayImage = rgb2gray(im); %%%%% %%%%% Edge detection and edge linking.... binaryImage = edge(grayImage,'canny'); % 'Canny' edge detector binaryImage = bwmorph(binaryImage,'thicken'); % A morphological operation for edge linking %%%%% %%%%% Radon transform projections along 180 degrees, from -90 to +89.... % R: Radon transform of the intensity image 'grayImage' for -90:89 degrees. % In fact, each column of R shows the image profile along corresponding angle. % xp: a vector containing the radial coordinates corresponding to each row of 'R'. % Negative angles correspond to clockwise directions, while positive angles % correspond to counterclockwise directions around the center point (up-left corner). % R1: A 1x180 vector in which, each element is equal the maximum value of Radon transform along each angle. % This value reflects the maximum number of pixels along each direction. % r_max: A 1x180 vector, which includes corresponding radii of 'R1'. theta = -90:89; [R,xp] = radon(binaryImage,theta); imagesc(theta,xp, R); colormap(jet); xlabel('theta (degrees)');ylabel('x'''); title('theta方向对应的Radon变换R随着x''的变化图'); colorbar %%%%% [R1,r_max] = max(R); theta_max = 90; while(theta_max > 50 || theta_max<-50) [R2,theta_max] = max(R1); % R2: Maximum Radon transform value over all angles. % theta_max: Corresponding angle R1(theta_max) = 0; % Remove element 'R2' from vector 'R1', so that other maximum values can be found. theta_max = theta_max - 91; end correctedImage = imrotate(im,-theta_max); % Rotation correction correctedImage(correctedImage == 0) = 255; % Converts black resgions to white regions subplot(1,2,1), subimage(im) subplot(1,2,2), subimage(correctedImage)
垂直倾斜矫正结果:
水平倾斜旋转后结果:
垂直倾斜还需要将每一个字符纵向移动,保证水平。
发现从radon变换结果R中统计最大角度有时有问题,还需再改进。另外还没有使用C实现radon变换。