Spring常用注解汇总

 
本文汇总了Spring的常用注解，以方便大家查询和使用，具体如下：

使用注解之前要开启自动扫描功能，其中base-package为需要扫描的包(含子包)。

<context:component-scan base-package="cn.test"/>

@Configuration把一个类作为一个IoC容器，它的某个方法头上如果注册了@Bean，就会作为这个Spring容器中的Bean。
@Scope注解 作用域
@Lazy(true) 表示延迟初始化
@Service用于标注业务层组件、 
@Controller用于标注控制层组件（如struts中的action）
@Repository用于标注数据访问组件，即DAO组件。
@Component泛指组件，当组件不好归类的时候，我们可以使用这个注解进行标注。
@Scope用于指定scope作用域的（用在类上）
@PostConstruct用于指定初始化方法（用在方法上）
@PreDestory用于指定销毁方法（用在方法上）
@DependsOn：定义Bean初始化及销毁时的顺序
@Primary：自动装配时当出现多个Bean候选者时，被注解为@Primary的Bean将作为首选者，否则将抛出异常
@Autowired 默认按类型装配，如果我们想使用按名称装配，可以结合@Qualifier注解一起使用。如下：
@Autowired @Qualifier("personDaoBean") 存在多个实例配合使用
@Resource默认按名称装配，当找不到与名称匹配的bean才会按类型装配。
@PostConstruct 初始化注解
@PreDestroy 摧毁注解 默认 单例  启动就加载
@Async异步方法调用

有一个细节性的问题是，假如bean里面有两个property，Zoo.java里面又去掉了属性的getter/setter并使用@Autowired注解标注这两个属性那会怎么样？答案是Spring会按照xml优先的原则去Zoo.java中寻找这两个属性的getter/setter，导致的结果就是初始化bean报错。 

OK，假设此时我把.xml文件的16行、17行两行给去掉，再运行，会抛出异常

org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'carFactory': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: 
Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException:
No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz]
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580)
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895)
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425)
    at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139)
    at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83)
    at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test1(TestAnnotation.java:25)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz]
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282)
    ... 36 more
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz]
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:796)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474)
    ... 38 more

出现这种情况通常有两种解决办法：
(1)、在配置文件中删除其中一个实现类，Spring会自动去base-package下寻找Car接口的实现类，发现Car接口只有一个实现类，便会直接引用这个实现类。
(2)、实现类就是有多个该怎么办？此时可以使用@Qualifier注解来指定Bean的名称：

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;

import com.spring.service.ICar;

public class CarFactory {
    
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier("bmwCar")
    private ICar car;
    
    public String toString(){
        return car.getCarName();
    }
    
}