学习 Spring (九) 注解之 @Required, @Autowired, @Qualifier
Spring入门篇 学习笔记
@Required
@Required 注解适用于 bean 属性的 setter 方法
这个注解仅仅表示,受影响的 bean 属性必须在配置时被填充,通过在 bean 定义或通过自动装配一个明确的属性值:
public class SimpleMovieLister{
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Required
public void SetMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder){
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
}
@Required 使用比较少,一般使用 @Autowired
@Autowired: setter, 构造器, 成员变量自动注入
可以将 @Autowired 理解为“传统”的 setter 方法:
public class SimpleMovieLister{
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Autowired
public void SetMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder){
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
}
可用于构造器或成员变量:
@Autowired
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
private CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
public MovieRecommender(CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao){
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
}
默认情况下,如果因找不到合适的 bean 将会导致 autowiring 失败抛出异常,可以通过下面的方式避免:
public class SimpleMovieLister{
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Autowired(required=false)
public void SetMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder){
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
}
- 每个类只能有一个构造器被标记为 required=true
- @Autowired 的必要属性,建议使用 @Required 注解
示例
添加类:
public interface InjectionDAO {
void save(String arg);
}
@Repository
public class InjectionDAOImpl implements InjectionDAO {
public void save(String arg) {
//模拟数据库保存操作
System.out.println("保存数据:" + arg);
}
}
public interface InjectionService {
void save(String arg);
}
@Service
public class InjectionServiceImpl implements InjectionService {
// @Autowired
private InjectionDAO injectionDAO;
// @Autowired
public void setInjectionDAO(InjectionDAO injectionDAO) {
this.injectionDAO = injectionDAO;
}
@Autowired
public InjectionServiceImpl(InjectionDAO injectionDAO) {
this.injectionDAO = injectionDAO;
}
public void save(String arg) {
//模拟业务操作
System.out.println("Service(Property)接收参数:" + arg);
arg = arg + ":" + this.hashCode();
injectionDAO.save(arg);
}
}
添加测试类:
@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestInjection extends UnitTestBase {
public TestInjection(){
super("classpath:spring-beanannotation.xml");
}
@Test
public void testAutowired(){
InjectionService service = super.getBean("injectionServiceImpl");
service.save("This is autowired.");
}
}
@Autowired: 数组, Map 自动注入
可以使用 @Autowired 注解那些众所周知的解析依赖性接口,比如:BeanFactory, ApplicationContext, Environment, ResourceLoader, ApplicationEventPublisher, MessageSource
public class MovieRecommender{
@Autowired
private ApplicationContext context;
public MovieRecommender(){
}
}
可以通过添加注解给需要该类型的数组的字段或方法,以提供 ApplicationContext 中的所有特定类型的 bean
private Set<MovieCatalog> movieCatalog;
@Autowired
public void setMovieCatalogs(Set<MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs){
this.movieCatalogs = movieCatalogs;
}
可以用于装配 key 为 String 的 Map
private Map<String, MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs;
@Autowired
public void setMovieCatalogs(Map<String, MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs){
this.movieCatalogs = movieCatalogs;
}
如果希望数组有序,可以让 bean 实现 org.springframework.core.Ordered 接口或使用 @Order注解
@Autowired 是由 BeanPostProcessor 处理的,所以不能在自己的 BeanPostProcessor 或 BeanFactoryPostProcessor 类型应用这些注解,这些类型必须通过 XML 或者 @Bean 注解加载
示例
新建类:
public interface BeanInterface {
}
@Order(value = 2)
@Component
public class BeanImplOne implements BeanInterface {
}
@Order(value = 1)
@Component
public class BeanImplTwo implements BeanInterface {
}
@Component
public class BeanInvoker {
@Autowired
private List<BeanInterface> list;
@Autowired
private Map<String, BeanInterface> map;
public void say() {
if (null != list && 0 != list.size()) {
System.out.println("list...");
for (BeanInterface bean : list) {
System.out.println(bean.getClass().getName());
}
} else {
System.out.println("List<BeanInterface> list is null !!!!!!!!!!");
}
System.out.println();
if (null != map && 0 != map.size()) {
System.out.println("map...");
for (Map.Entry<String, BeanInterface> entry : map.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " " + entry.getValue().getClass().getName());
}
} else {
System.out.println("Map<String, BeanInterface> map is null !!!!!!!!!!");
}
}
}
在 TestInjection 中添加测试方法:
@Test
public void testMultiBean(){
BeanInvoker invoker = super.getBean("beanInvoker");
invoker.say();
}
@Qualifier
按类型自动装配可能多个 bean 实例的情况,可以使用 @Qualifier 注解缩小范围(或指定唯一),也可以用于指定单独的构造器参数或方法参数
可用于注解集合类型变量
public class MovieRecommender{
@Autowired
@Qualifier("main")
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
}
public class MovieRecommender{
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
private CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
public void prepare(@Qualifier("main")MovieCatalog movieCatalog
, CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao){
this.movieCatalog = movieCatalog;
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
}
}
在 XML 文件中实现 Qualifier:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd" >
<context:annotation-config />
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier value="main"/>
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier value="action"/>
</bean>
<bean id="movieRecommender" class="example.MovieRecommender" />
</beans>
如果通过名字进行注解注入,主要使用的不是 @Autowired (即使在技术上能够通过 @Qualifier 指定 bean 的名字),替代方式是使用 JSR-250 @Resource 注解,它是通过其独特的名称定义来识别特定的目标(这是一个与所声明的类型无关的匹配过程)
因语义差异,集合或 Map 类型的 bean 无法通过 @Autowired 来注入时,因为没有类型匹配到这样的 bean,为这些 bean 使用 @Resource 注解,通过唯一名称引用集合或 Map 的 bean
@Autowired 适用于 fields, constructors, multi-argument methods 这些允许在参数级别使用 @Qualifier 注解缩小范围的情况
@Resource 适用于成员变量、只有一个参数的 setter 方法,所以在目标时构造器或一个多参数方法时,最好的方式时使用 @Qualifier
可以定义自己的 qualifier 注解:
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Qualifier
public @interface Genre{
String value();
}
public class MovieRecommender{
@Autowired
@Genre("Action")
private MovieCatalog actionCatalog;
private MovieCatalog comedyCatalog;
@Autowired
public void setComedyCatalog(@Genre("Comedy") MovieCatalog comedyCatalog){
this.comedyCatalog = comedyCatalog;
}
}
示例
修改 BeanInvoker:
@Component
public class BeanInvoker {
@Autowired
private List<BeanInterface> list;
@Autowired
private Map<String, BeanInterface> map;
@Autowired
@Qualifier("beanImplTwo")
private BeanInterface beanInterface;
public void say() {
if (null != list && 0 != list.size()) {
System.out.println("list...");
for (BeanInterface bean : list) {
System.out.println(bean.getClass().getName());
}
} else {
System.out.println("List<BeanInterface> list is null !!!!!!!!!!");
}
System.out.println();
if (null != map && 0 != map.size()) {
System.out.println("map...");
for (Map.Entry<String, BeanInterface> entry : map.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " " + entry.getValue().getClass().getName());
}
} else {
System.out.println("Map<String, BeanInterface> map is null !!!!!!!!!!");
}
System.out.println();
if (null != beanInterface) {
System.out.println(beanInterface.getClass().getName());
} else {
System.out.println("beanInterface is null...");
}
}
}