6 admin(注册设计)源码解析、单例模式
1、单例模式
https://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/8323452.html
单例模式(Singleton Pattern)是一种常用的软件设计模式,该模式的主要目的是确保某一个类只有一个实例存在。当你希望在整个系统中,某个类只能出现一个实例时,单例对象就能派上用场。
比如,某个服务器程序的配置信息存放在一个文件中,客户端通过一个 AppConfig 的类来读取配置文件的信息。如果在程序运行期间,有很多地方都需要使用配置文件的内容,也就是说,很多地方都需要创建 AppConfig 对象的实例,这就导致系统中存在多个 AppConfig 的实例对象,而这样会严重浪费内存资源,尤其是在配置文件内容很多的情况下。事实上,类似 AppConfig 这样的类,我们希望在程序运行期间只存在一个实例对象。
在 Python 中,我们可以用多种方法来实现单例模式:
-
使用模块
-
使用
__new__
-
使用装饰器(decorator)
-
使用元类(metaclass)
1. 使用 __new__
为了使类只能出现一个实例,我们可以使用 __new__
来控制实例的创建过程,代码如下:
class Singleton(object): _instance = None def __new__(cls, *args, **kw): if not cls._instance: cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw) return cls._instance class MyClass(Singleton): a = 1
在上面的代码中,我们将类的实例和一个类变量 _instance
关联起来,如果 cls._instance
为 None 则创建实例,否则直接返回 cls._instance
。
执行情况如下:
>>> one = MyClass() >>> two = MyClass() >>> one == two True >>> one is two True >>> id(one), id(two) (4303862608, 4303862608)
2. 使用模块
其实,Python 的模块就是天然的单例模式,因为模块在第一次导入时,会生成 .pyc
文件,当第二次导入时,就会直接加载 .pyc
文件,而不会再次执行模块代码。因此,我们只需把相关的函数和数据定义在一个模块中,就可以获得一个单例对象了。如果我们真的想要一个单例类,可以考虑这样做:
# mysingleton.py class My_Singleton(object): x = 12 def foo(self): print(self.x) my_singleton = My_Singleton() print('ok')
将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py
中,然后这样使用:
from mysingleton import my_singleton my_singleton.foo()
注:python 自己的玩法, python 在导模块时,就执行代码;
main.py
# # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # from mysingleton import my_singleton # # # pyc 中间 临时文件 # # # my_singleton.foo() # print(id(my_singleton)) # # from mysingleton import my_singleton # # # # 在找 不会加载 第二遍 去临时 pyc 拿 # # # my_singleton.foo() # print(id(my_singleton)) # # # from func import * # foo() #三个id 会一样吗?? 一样,一次程序的执行, # # """ # ok # 2341951012992 # 2341951012992 # 2341951012992 # """ # # # """ # 12 # 2664635842288 # 12 # 2664635842288 # # 为什么内存地址一样 # # python 自己的玩法, python 在导模块 就执行代码 # """ from mysingleton import my_singleton,My_Singleton a = My_Singleton() b = My_Singleton() print(id(a),id(b)) # 2306139672928 2306139673096 # 不一样,类实例化, # 单例 是从模块里 哪一个实例对象 print(id(my_singleton),id(my_singleton)) # 2310426005856 2310426005856 一样,
func.py
from mysingleton import my_singleton def foo(): print(id(my_singleton))
2、admin源码解析
<1> 循环加载执行所有已经注册的app中的admin.py文件
def autodiscover(): autodiscover_modules('admin', register_to=site)
<2> 执行代码
#admin.py
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ("title",'publishDate', 'price')
admin.site.register(Book, BookAdmin)
admin.site.register(Publish)
<3> admin.site
这里应用的是一个单例模式,对于AdminSite类的一个单例模式,执行的每一个app中的每一个admin.site都是一个对象
<4> 执行register方法
admin.site.register(Book, BookAdmin) admin.site.register(Publish)
class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):pass def register(self, model_or_iterable, admin_class=None, **options): if not admin_class: admin_class = ModelAdmin # Instantiate the admin class to save in the registry self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self)
思考:在每一个app的admin .py中加上
print(admin.site._registry) # 执行结果?
到这里,注册结束!
<5> admin的URL配置
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), ]
class AdminSite(object): def get_urls(self): from django.conf.urls import url, include urlpatterns = [] # Add in each model's views, and create a list of valid URLS for the # app_index valid_app_labels = [] for model, model_admin in self._registry.items(): urlpatterns += [ url(r'^%s/%s/' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name), include(model_admin.urls)), ] if model._meta.app_label not in valid_app_labels: valid_app_labels.append(model._meta.app_label) return urlpatterns @property def urls(self): return self.get_urls(), 'admin', self.name
<6> url()方法的扩展应用
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse def test01(request): return HttpResponse("test01") def test02(request): return HttpResponse("test02") urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^yuan/', ([ url(r'^test01/', test01), url(r'^test02/', test02), ],None,None)), ]
扩展优化
from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse def change_list_view(request): return HttpResponse("change_list_view") def add_view(request): return HttpResponse("add_view") def delete_view(request): return HttpResponse("delete_view") def change_view(request): return HttpResponse("change_view") def get_urls(): temp=[ url(r"^$".format(app_name,model_name),change_list_view), url(r"^add/$".format(app_name,model_name),add_view), url(r"^\d+/del/$".format(app_name,model_name),delete_view), url(r"^\d+/change/$".format(app_name,model_name),change_view), ] return temp url_list=[] for model_class,obj in admin.site._registry.items(): model_name=model_class._meta.model_name app_name=model_class._meta.app_label # temp=url(r"{0}/{1}/".format(app_name,model_name),(get_urls(),None,None)) temp=url(r"{0}/{1}/".format(app_name,model_name),include(get_urls())) url_list.append(temp) urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^yuan/', (url_list,None,None)), ]
3、注册源码流程图
{<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x00000085C948DD68>} {<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x00000085C948DD68>,
<class 'app01.models.Book'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x00000085C94C87F0>}
{<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x0000008CD0BCCCF8>} {<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x0000008CD0BCCCF8>,
<class 'app01.models.Book'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x0000008CD0C0EDA0>}
{<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x0000008CD0BCCCF8>,
<class 'app01.models.Book'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x0000008CD0C0EDA0>,
<class 'app02.models.Book'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x0000008CD0C0EF28>}
3、admin之url方法的使用
情况1:url(r'^book/', views.book), # book(request)
情况2 分发:
url(r"^yuan/", ([ url(r'^test01/', ([ url(r'^test04/', test04), url(r'^test05/', test05), ], None, None)), url(r'^test02/', test02), url(r'^test03/', test03), ], None, None) )
code
from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse from app01 import views def test01(request): return HttpResponse("test01") def test02(request): return HttpResponse("test02") def test03(request): return HttpResponse("test03") def test01111(request): return HttpResponse('test01111') def test01333(request): return HttpResponse('test01333') def test01222(request): return HttpResponse('test01222') def yuan(request): return HttpResponse("yuan") urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login/', views.login), url(r'^index/', views.index), url(r'^book/', views.book), # url(r'^yuan/', yuan), url(r'^yuan/',([ url(r'^test01/',([ url(r'^test01111',test01111), url(r'^test01111',test01222), url(r'^test01111',test01333), ],None,None)), url(r'^test02/',test02), url(r'^test03/',test03), ],None,None)) ]
4、admin源码之url设计
1、 如何通过model类变量获取该模型的字符串名称和该模型所在app的字符串名称:
print("===>", model._meta.model_name)
print("===>", model._meta.app_label)
2、扩展1层url
3、扩展2层url
5、设计url源码流程
6、总结
1、code代码
url.py 设计+注册
"""MRBS URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', views.home, name='home') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')) """ from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse from app01 import views def test01(request): return HttpResponse("test01") def test02(request): return HttpResponse("test02") def test03(request): return HttpResponse("test03") def test01111(request): return HttpResponse('test01111') def test01333(request): return HttpResponse('test01333') def test01222(request): return HttpResponse('test01222') def list_view(reuquest): return HttpResponse("list_view") def add(reuquest): return HttpResponse("add") def delete(reuquest,id): return HttpResponse("delete") def change(reuquest,id): return HttpResponse("change") def get_urls2(): temp = [] temp.append(url(r"^$/",list_view)) temp.append(url(r"^add/",add)) temp.append(url(r"^(\d+)/delete",delete)) temp.append(url(r"^(\d+)/change",change)) return temp def get_urls(): temp = [] # print("_registry", admin.site._registry) for model,admin_class_obj in admin.site._registry.items(): # print("model",model) # model <class 'app02.models.Book'> "app01" "book" # print(model._meta.model_name) # "book" # print(model._meta.app_label) # "app01" model_name = model._meta.model_name app_label = model._meta.app_label temp.append(url(r"%s/%s/"%(app_label,model_name),(get_urls2(),None,None))) return temp urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login/', views.login), url(r'^index/', views.index), url(r'^book/', views.book), url(r'^yuan/', (get_urls(),None,None)) ] """ 1、url的使用 url(r'^yuan/',([ url(r'^test01/',([ url(r'^test01111',test01111), url(r'^test01111',test01222), url(r'^test01111',test01333), ],None,None)), url(r'^test02/',test02), url(r'^test03/',test03), ],None,None)) """
2、知识点1:单例模式
单例模式
生成单例模式的方式:
(1)使用 __new__
class Singleton(object): _instance = None def __new__(cls, *args, **kw): if not cls._instance: cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw) return cls._instance class MyClass(Singleton): a = 1 >>> one = MyClass() >>> two = MyClass() >>> one == two True
(2)使用模块
class My_Singleton(object): x = 12 def foo(self): print(self.x) my_singleton = My_Singleton() from mysingleton import my_singleton my_singleton.foo()
2、知识点2:url()的使用:
情况1:path('book/', views.book), # book(request)
情况2:分发:
path('yuan/',yuan), # yuan
path('yuan/',([],None,None)) # None,None 代表:namespace app(name)
path('yuan/',([path('test01/',test01)],None,None)), # yuan/test01
path('yuan/',([ path('test01/',([ path('test04/',test04), # yuan/test01/test04 path('test05/',test05) # yuan/test01/test05 ],None,None)), path('test02/',test02), # yuan/test02 path('test03/',test03) # yuan/test03 ],None,None))
注: re_path(r'^test04/',test04), # 以test04开头;
re_path(r'test04/',test04), # 包含test04;
3、知识点3:admin源码
admin源码:
1.注册 admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
class BookConfig(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ['user', 'room']
...
admin.site.register(Book,BookConfig) # admin.site 就是 AdminSite()的一个实例化对象(单例)
admin.site.register(UserInfo,UserConfig)
admin.site.register(Room)
class AdminSite(): def __init__(self, name='admin'): self._registry = {} def register(self, model, admin_class=None): if not admin_class: admin_class = ModelAdmin self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self) ... ... site = AdminSite()
所以:按顺序注册后,结果都在 admin.site._registry 字典里面;model为键,admin_class(model, self)为值;
即:Book为键,BookConfig()为值;
UserInfo为键,UserConfig()为值;
Room为键,ModelAdmin()为值;
注意:admin.site._registry 全局的!! 多个app共用!!(startapp02)
print(admin.site._registry) {<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x000002777731D400>, <class 'app01.models.Book'>: <app01.admin.BookConfig object at 0x000002777735C470>, <class 'app01.models.UserInfo'>: <app01.admin.UserConfig object at 0x000002777735C4A8>, <class 'app01.models.Room'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002777735C4E0>, <class 'app01.models.GF'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002777735C518>, <class 'app02.models.Book'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002777735C438>}
2.设计 url:
注意:
1.
path('yuan/',(get_urls(),None,None)),
path('yuan/',include(get_urls()))
2.
for model,admin_class_obj in admin.site._registry.items():
print('****',model) # **** <class 'app01.models.Book'>
model_name = model._meta.model_name # book
app_label = model._meta.app_label # app01
3.
temp.append(path('%s/%s/'%(app_label,model_name),(get_urls2(),None,None)))
4.
temp.append(path('add/',add))
temp.append(re_path(r'(\d+)/delete/',delete))
temp.append(re_path(r'(\d+)/change/',change))
temp.append(re_path(r'^$',list_view))
5.
# 24条 url 。。。
# http://127.0.0.1:8020/yuan/app01/book/
# http://127.0.0.1:8020/yuan/app01/userinfo/add/
# http://127.0.0.1:8020/yuan/app01/book/5/delete/
# http://127.0.0.1:8020/yuan/app02/book/
。。。
。。。