6-[表操作]--数据类型
1、mysql常用数据类型概览
存储引擎决定了表的类型,而表内存放的数据也要有不同的类型,每种数据类型都有自己的宽度,但宽度是可选的
详细参考:
- http://www.runoob.com/mysql/mysql-data-types.html
- http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/data-type-overview.html
#1. 数字: 整型:tinyinit int bigint 小数: float :在位数比较短的情况下不精准 double :在位数比较长的情况下不精准 0.000001230123123123 存成:0.000001230000 decimal:(如果用小数,则用推荐使用decimal) 精准 内部原理是以字符串形式去存 #2. 字符串: char(10):简单粗暴,浪费空间,存取速度快 root存成root000000 varchar:精准,节省空间,存取速度慢 #3. 时间类型: 最常用:datetime #4. 枚举类型与集合类型 eum
# sql优化: 创建表时,定长的类型往前放,变长的往后放 比如性别 比如地址或描述信息 >255个字符,超了就把文件路径存放到数据库中。 比如图片,视频等找一个文件服务器,数据库中只存路径或url。
2、数值类型
- 注意:为该类型指定宽度时,仅仅只是指定查询结果的显示宽度,与存储范围无关,存储范围如下
2^32 = 4294967295 2^64 =18446744073709551616
(1)整数类型
整数类型:TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT 作用:存储年龄,等级,id,各种号码等
======================================== # tinyint[(m)] [unsigned] [zerofill] 小整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围: 有符号: -128 ~ 127 无符号: 0 ~ 255 PS: MySQL中无布尔值,使用tinyint(1)构造。
======================================== # int[(m)][unsigned][zerofill] 整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围: 有符号: -2147483648 ~ 2147483647 无符号: 0 ~ 4294967295
int 有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10
int的存储宽度是4个Bytes,即32个bit,即2**32 无符号最大值为:4294967296-1 有符号最大值:2147483648-1 有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10,而针对有符号的最小值则需要11位才能显示完全,所以int类型默认的显示宽度为11是非常合理的
======================================== # bigint[(m)][unsigned][zerofill] 大整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围: 有符号: -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807 无符号: 0 ~ 18446744073709551615
=========有符号和无符号tinyint========== #tinyint默认为有符号 MariaDB [db1]> create table t1(x tinyint); #默认为有符号,即数字前有正负号 MariaDB [db1]> desc t1; MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1 values -> (-129), -> (-128), -> (127), -> (128); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1; +------+ | x | +------+ | -128 | #-129存成了-128 | -128 | #有符号,最小值为-128 | 127 | #有符号,最大值127 | 127 | #128存成了127 +------+ #设置无符号tinyint MariaDB [db1]> create table t2(x tinyint unsigned); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t2 values -> (-1), -> (0), -> (255), -> (256); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t2; +------+ | x | +------+ | 0 | -1存成了0 | 0 | #无符号,最小值为0 | 255 | #无符号,最大值为255 | 255 | #256存成了255 +------+ ============有符号和无符号int============= #int默认为有符号 MariaDB [db1]> create table t3(x int); #默认为有符号整数 MariaDB [db1]> insert into t3 values -> (-2147483649), -> (-2147483648), -> (2147483647), -> (2147483648); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t3; +-------------+ | x | +-------------+ | -2147483648 | #-2147483649存成了-2147483648 | -2147483648 | #有符号,最小值为-2147483648 | 2147483647 | #有符号,最大值为2147483647 | 2147483647 | #2147483648存成了2147483647 +-------------+ #设置无符号int MariaDB [db1]> create table t4(x int unsigned); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t4 values -> (-1), -> (0), -> (4294967295), -> (4294967296); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t4; +------------+ | x | +------------+ | 0 | #-1存成了0 | 0 | #无符号,最小值为0 | 4294967295 | #无符号,最大值为4294967295 | 4294967295 | #4294967296存成了4294967295 +------------+ ==============有符号和无符号bigint============= MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t5 values -> (-9223372036854775809), -> (-9223372036854775808), -> (9223372036854775807), -> (9223372036854775808); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t5; +----------------------+ | x | +----------------------+ | -9223372036854775808 | | -9223372036854775808 | | 9223372036854775807 | | 9223372036854775807 | +----------------------+ MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint unsigned); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t6 values -> (-1), -> (0), -> (18446744073709551615), -> (18446744073709551616); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t6; +----------------------+ | x | +----------------------+ | 0 | | 0 | | 18446744073709551615 | | 18446744073709551615 | +----------------------+ ======用zerofill测试整数类型的显示宽度============= MariaDB [db1]> create table t7(x int(3) zerofill); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t7 values -> (1), -> (11), -> (111), -> (1111); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t7; +------+ | x | +------+ | 001 | | 011 | | 111 | | 1111 | #超过宽度限制仍然可以存 +------+
(2)浮点型
定点数类型 DEC等同于DECIMAL 浮点类型:FLOAT DOUBLE 作用:存储薪资、身高、体重、体质参数等
====================================== #FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] 定义: 单精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30 有符号: -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38, 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38 无符号: 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38 精确度: **** 随着小数的增多,精度变得不准确 **** ====================================== #DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] 定义: 双精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30 有符号: -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308 无符号: 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308 精确度: ****随着小数的增多,精度比float要高,但也会变得不准确 **** ====================================== #decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill] 定义: 准确的小数值,m是数字总个数(负号不算),d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65,d最大值为30。 精确度: **** 随着小数的增多,精度始终准确 **** 对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型 decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。
mysql> create table t1(x float(256,31)); ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column 'x'. Maximum is 30. mysql> create table t1(x float(256,30)); ERROR 1439 (42000): Display width out of range for column 'x' (max = 255) mysql> create table t1(x float(255,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create table t2(x double(255,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,31)); ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column 'x'. Maximum is 30. mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,30)); ERROR 1426 (42000): Too-big precision 66 specified for 'x'. Maximum is 65. mysql> create table t3(x decimal(65,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> show tables; +---------------+ | Tables_in_db1 | +---------------+ | t1 | | t2 | | t3 | +---------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t1 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); #小数点后31个1 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from t1; #随着小数的增多,精度开始不准确 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111164093017600000000000000 | +----------------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t2; #精度比float要准确点,但随着小数的增多,同样变得不准确 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111111111111200000000000000 | +----------------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t3; #精度始终准确,d为30,于是只留了30位小数 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111111111111111111111111111 | +----------------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec)
3、日期类型
DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR 作用:存储用户注册时间,文章发布时间,员工入职时间,出生时间,过期时间等
YEAR YYYY(1901/2155) DATE YYYY-MM-DD(1000-01-01/9999-12-31) TIME HH:MM:SS('-838:59:59'/'838:59:59') DATETIME YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS(1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 Y) TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDD HHMMSS(1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时)
验证 ============year=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度,最后都默认是year(4) MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values -> (1900), -> (1901), -> (2155), -> (2156); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10; +-----------+ | born_year | +-----------+ | 0000 | | 1901 | | 2155 | | 0000 | +-----------+ ============date,time,datetime=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime); MariaDB [db1]> desc t11; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | d | date | YES | | NULL | | | t | time | YES | | NULL | | | dt | datetime | YES | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now()); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11; +------------+----------+---------------------+ | d | t | dt | +------------+----------+---------------------+ | 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 | +------------+----------+---------------------+ ============timestamp=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12; +---------------------+ | time | +---------------------+ | 2017-07-25 16:29:17 | | 2017-07-25 16:30:01 | +---------------------+
# ============注意啦,注意啦,注意啦=========== 1. 单独插入时间时,需要以字符串的形式,按照对应的格式插入 2. 插入年份时,尽量使用4位值 3. 插入两位年份时,<=69,以20开头,比如50, 结果2050 >=70,以19开头,比如71,结果1971 MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values -> (50), -> (71); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12; +------+ | y | +------+ | 2050 | | 1971 | +------+
4、字符类型
#官网:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/char.html #注意:char和varchar括号内的参数指的都是字符的长度
#char类型:定长,简单粗暴,浪费空间,存取速度快 字符长度范围:0-255(一个中文是一个字符,是utf8编码的3个字节) 存储: 存储char类型的值时,会往右填充空格来满足长度 例如:指定长度为10,存>10个字符则报错,存<10个字符则用空格填充直到凑够10个字符存储 检索: 在检索或者说查询时,查出的结果会自动删除尾部的空格,除非我们打开pad_char_to_full_length SQL模式(SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';) #varchar类型:变长,精准,节省空间,存取速度慢 字符长度范围:0-65535(如果大于21845会提示用其他类型 。mysql行最大限制为65535字节,字符编码为utf-8:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/column-count-limit.html) 存储: varchar类型存储数据的真实内容,不会用空格填充,如果'ab ',尾部的空格也会被存起来 强调:varchar类型会在真实数据前加1-2Bytes的前缀,该前缀用来表示真实数据的bytes字节数(1-2Bytes最大表示65535个数字,正好符合mysql对row的最大字节限制,即已经足够使用) 如果真实的数据<255bytes则需要1Bytes的前缀(1Bytes=8bit 2**8最大表示的数字为255) 如果真实的数据>255bytes则需要2Bytes的前缀(2Bytes=16bit 2**16最大表示的数字为65535) 检索: 尾部有空格会保存下来,在检索或者说查询时,也会正常显示包含空格在内的内容
(1)char 与 varchar
1. char填充空格来满足固定长度,但是在查询时却会很不要脸地删除尾部的空格(装作自己好像没有浪费过空间一样),然后修改sql_mode让其现出原形
mysql> create table t1(x char(5),y varchar(5)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec) #char存5个字符,而varchar存4个字符 mysql> insert into t1 values('你瞅啥 ','你瞅啥 '); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec) mysql> SET sql_mode=''; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) #在检索时char很不要脸地将自己浪费的2个字符给删掉了,装的好像自己没浪费过空间一样,而varchar很老实,存了多少,就显示多少 mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1; +-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+ | x | char_length(x) | y | char_length(y) | +-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+ | 你瞅啥 | 3 | 你瞅啥 | 4 | +-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) #略施小计,让char现出原形 mysql> SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) #这下子char原形毕露了...... mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1; +-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+ | x | char_length(x) | y | char_length(y) | +-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+ | 你瞅啥 | 5 | 你瞅啥 | 4 | +-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) #char类型:3个中文字符+2个空格=11Bytes #varchar类型:3个中文字符+1个空格=10Bytes mysql> select x,length(x),y,length(y) from t1; +-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | x | length(x) | y | length(y) | +-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | 你瞅啥 | 11 | 你瞅啥 | 10 | +-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+ row in set (0.00 sec)
(2)like
2. 虽然 CHAR 和 VARCHAR 的存储方式不太相同,但是对于两个字符串的比较,都只比 较其值,忽略 CHAR 值存在的右填充,即使将 SQL _MODE 设置为 PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_ LENGTH 也一样,,但这不适用于like
Values in CHAR and VARCHAR columns are sorted and compared according to the character set collation assigned to the column. All MySQL collations are of type PAD SPACE. This means that all CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT values are compared without regard to any trailing spaces. “Comparison” in this context does not include the LIKE pattern-matching operator, for which trailing spaces are significant. For example: mysql> CREATE TABLE names (myname CHAR(10)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO names VALUES ('Monty'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT myname = 'Monty', myname = 'Monty ' FROM names; +------------------+--------------------+ | myname = 'Monty' | myname = 'Monty ' | +------------------+--------------------+ | 1 | 1 | +------------------+--------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT myname LIKE 'Monty', myname LIKE 'Monty ' FROM names; +---------------------+-----------------------+ | myname LIKE 'Monty' | myname LIKE 'Monty ' | +---------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | 0 | +---------------------+-----------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec)
(3) 总结
#常用字符串系列:char与varchar 注:虽然varchar使用起来较为灵活,但是从整个系统的性能角度来说,char数据类型的处理速度更快,有时甚至可以超出varchar处理速度的50%。因此,用户在设计数据库时应当综合考虑各方面的因素,以求达到最佳的平衡 #其他字符串系列(效率:char>varchar>text) TEXT系列 TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT BLOB 系列 TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB BINARY系列 BINARY VARBINARY text:text数据类型用于保存变长的大字符串,可以组多到65535 (2**16 − 1)个字符。 mediumtext:A TEXT column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (2**24 − 1) characters. longtext:A TEXT column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (2**32 − 1) characters.
5、枚举类型与集合类型
如果插入的选项中。没有的话,会显示为空
MariaDB [db1]> create table consumer( -> name varchar(50), -> sex enum('male','female'), -> level enum('vip1','vip2','vip3','vip4','vip5'), #在指定范围内,多选一 -> hobby set('play','music','read','study') #在指定范围内,多选多 -> ); MariaDB [db1]> insert into consumer values -> ('egon','male','vip5','read,study'), -> ('alex','female','vip1','girl'); MariaDB [db1]> select * from consumer; +------+--------+-------+------------+ | name | sex | level | hobby | +------+--------+-------+------------+ | egon | male | vip5 | read,study | | alex | female | vip1 | | +------+--------+-------+------------+