代码优化小技巧(持续更新......)

1. 无论读取char型还是int型, 都只需一条指令

  x86: movl(int)  movb(char)

  arm: ldr(int)  ldrb(char)

 ARM早期编译器不支持ldrb strb,在操作char类型时, 32bit处理器下用ldr加载R0寄存器(char所在的4byte), 假设在低8位,就左移24bit,右移24bit

如果在第二byte, 就左移16bit再右移24bit,  换而言之对char类型操作要附加两条指令, 因此尽量用int或者long, 不过这种情况一去不回, ldrb、ldrh都只需一条指令

什么左移右移硬件实现了, ldrb加载到R0寄存器高24bit就是0!

 

2. 局部变量尽可能使用int/long类型(在ARMV4 char是无符号的)

  使用char“可能”节省栈空间, 无论char还是int都一条读指令搞定(LDRB/LDR),问题在于int型溢出会自动归零, 而char溢出只会向bit8置1, 变成256,

我们希望255再++后是0而不是256(因为是char), 所以每次参与计算后都会与0xff(类似动作), 所以:int一条取指令, char取指令 与0xff 两条

  如果for循环的话, for(char i=0; i<64; i++) 每次++后会与0xff, 共65条指令! 这里引发另一个重要的问题是, 如果i是全局变量且i=255再++的话 bit8置1变成256,

在下一条与0xff时被打断了比如中断, 然后中断取的值应该是0的却是256, 这就危险了!

用个代码测试一下是不是这样的:

X86: 测试程序只是变量a的类型不一样, 反编译发现在操作char a时会有个movzbl 前置归零命令(等价上文与0xff),  int型的代码明显指令少很多!

 

ARM: arm还好, 指令差不多, 看来影响大的是x86

3. 数组型操作比指针型更高效

示例代码:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
        char *char_p, char_arr[5]={0,1,2};
        short *short_p, short_arr[5]={1,2,3};
        int *int_p, int_arr[5]={2,3,4};

        char_p=char_arr;
        short_p=short_arr;
        int_p=int_arr;

        printf("111\n");
        (*(char_p+2)) ++;
        printf("222\n");
        char_arr[2] ++;

        printf("111\n");
        (*(short_p+2)) ++;
        printf("222\n");
        short_arr[2] ++;

        printf("111\n");
        (*(int_p+2)) ++;
        printf("222\n");
        int_arr[2] ++;

        return 0;
}
111.c

编译和反汇编:

0000000000400596 <main>:
  400596:       55                      push   %rbp
  400597:       48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  40059a:       48 83 ec 60             sub    $0x60,%rsp
  40059e:       64 48 8b 04 25 28 00    mov    %fs:0x28,%rax
  4005a5:       00 00 
  4005a7:       48 89 45 f8             mov    %rax,-0x8(%rbp)
  4005ab:       31 c0                   xor    %eax,%eax
  4005ad:       c7 45 f0 00 00 00 00    movl   $0x0,-0x10(%rbp)
  4005b4:       c6 45 f4 00             movb   $0x0,-0xc(%rbp)
  4005b8:       c6 45 f1 01             movb   $0x1,-0xf(%rbp)
  4005bc:       c6 45 f2 02             movb   $0x2,-0xe(%rbp)
  4005c0:       48 c7 45 c0 00 00 00    movq   $0x0,-0x40(%rbp)
  4005c7:       00 
  4005c8:       66 c7 45 c8 00 00       movw   $0x0,-0x38(%rbp)
  4005ce:       66 c7 45 c0 01 00       movw   $0x1,-0x40(%rbp)
  4005d4:       66 c7 45 c2 02 00       movw   $0x2,-0x3e(%rbp)
  4005da:       66 c7 45 c4 03 00       movw   $0x3,-0x3c(%rbp)
  4005e0:       48 c7 45 d0 00 00 00    movq   $0x0,-0x30(%rbp)
  4005e7:       00 
  4005e8:       48 c7 45 d8 00 00 00    movq   $0x0,-0x28(%rbp)
  4005ef:       00 
  4005f0:       c7 45 e0 00 00 00 00    movl   $0x0,-0x20(%rbp)
  4005f7:       c7 45 d0 02 00 00 00    movl   $0x2,-0x30(%rbp)
  4005fe:       c7 45 d4 03 00 00 00    movl   $0x3,-0x2c(%rbp)
  400605:       c7 45 d8 04 00 00 00    movl   $0x4,-0x28(%rbp)
  40060c:       48 8d 45 f0             lea    -0x10(%rbp),%rax
  400610:       48 89 45 a8             mov    %rax,-0x58(%rbp)
  400614:       48 8d 45 c0             lea    -0x40(%rbp),%rax
  400618:       48 89 45 b0             mov    %rax,-0x50(%rbp)
  40061c:       48 8d 45 d0             lea    -0x30(%rbp),%rax
  400620:       48 89 45 b8             mov    %rax,-0x48(%rbp)
  400624:       bf 54 07 40 00          mov    $0x400754,%edi
  400629:       e8 32 fe ff ff          callq  400460 <puts@plt>
  40062e:       48 8b 45 a8             mov    -0x58(%rbp),%rax
  400632:       48 83 c0 02             add    $0x2,%rax
  400636:       0f b6 10                movzbl (%rax),%edx
  400639:       83 c2 01                add    $0x1,%edx
  40063c:       88 10                   mov    %dl,(%rax)
  40063e:       bf 58 07 40 00          mov    $0x400758,%edi
  400643:       e8 18 fe ff ff          callq  400460 <puts@plt>
  400648:       0f b6 45 f2             movzbl -0xe(%rbp),%eax
  40064c:       83 c0 01                add    $0x1,%eax
  40064f:       88 45 f2                mov    %al,-0xe(%rbp)
  400652:       bf 54 07 40 00          mov    $0x400754,%edi
  400657:       e8 04 fe ff ff          callq  400460 <puts@plt>
  40065c:       48 8b 45 b0             mov    -0x50(%rbp),%rax
  400660:       48 83 c0 04             add    $0x4,%rax
  400664:       0f b7 10                movzwl (%rax),%edx
  400667:       83 c2 01                add    $0x1,%edx
  40066a:       66 89 10                mov    %dx,(%rax)
  40066d:       bf 58 07 40 00          mov    $0x400758,%edi
  400672:       e8 e9 fd ff ff          callq  400460 <puts@plt>
  400677:       0f b7 45 c4             movzwl -0x3c(%rbp),%eax
  40067b:       83 c0 01                add    $0x1,%eax
  40067e:       66 89 45 c4             mov    %ax,-0x3c(%rbp)
  400682:       bf 54 07 40 00          mov    $0x400754,%edi
  400687:       e8 d4 fd ff ff          callq  400460 <puts@plt>
  40068c:       48 8b 45 b8             mov    -0x48(%rbp),%rax
  400690:       48 83 c0 08             add    $0x8,%rax
  400694:       8b 10                   mov    (%rax),%edx
  400696:       83 c2 01                add    $0x1,%edx
  400699:       89 10                   mov    %edx,(%rax)
  40069b:       bf 58 07 40 00          mov    $0x400758,%edi
  4006a0:       e8 bb fd ff ff          callq  400460 <puts@plt>
  4006a5:       8b 45 d8                mov    -0x28(%rbp),%eax
  4006a8:       83 c0 01                add    $0x1,%eax
  4006ab:       89 45 d8                mov    %eax,-0x28(%rbp)
  4006ae:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
  4006b3:       48 8b 4d f8             mov    -0x8(%rbp),%rcx
  4006b7:       64 48 33 0c 25 28 00    xor    %fs:0x28,%rcx
  4006be:       00 00 
  4006c0:       74 05                   je     4006c7 <main+0x131>
  4006c2:       e8 a9 fd ff ff          callq  400470 <__stack_chk_fail@plt>
  4006c7:       c9                      leaveq 
  4006c8:       c3                      retq   
  4006c9:       0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00    nopl   0x0(%rax)
x86编译和反汇编
0000842c <main>:
    842c:       e92d4800        push    {fp, lr}
    8430:       e28db004        add     fp, sp, #4
    8434:       e24dd038        sub     sp, sp, #56     ; 0x38
    8438:       e3a03000        mov     r3, #0
    843c:       e50b3018        str     r3, [fp, #-24]  ; 0xffffffe8
    8440:       e3a03000        mov     r3, #0
    8444:       e54b3014        strb    r3, [fp, #-20]  ; 0xffffffec
    8448:       e3a03001        mov     r3, #1
    844c:       e54b3017        strb    r3, [fp, #-23]  ; 0xffffffe9
    8450:       e3a03002        mov     r3, #2
    8454:       e54b3016        strb    r3, [fp, #-22]  ; 0xffffffea
    8458:       e24b3024        sub     r3, fp, #36     ; 0x24
    845c:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    8460:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    8464:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    8468:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    846c:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    8470:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    8474:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    8478:       e1c320b0        strh    r2, [r3]
    847c:       e2833002        add     r3, r3, #2
    8480:       e3a03001        mov     r3, #1
    8484:       e14b32b4        strh    r3, [fp, #-36]  ; 0xffffffdc
    8488:       e3a03002        mov     r3, #2
    848c:       e14b32b2        strh    r3, [fp, #-34]  ; 0xffffffde
    8490:       e3a03003        mov     r3, #3
    8494:       e14b32b0        strh    r3, [fp, #-32]  ; 0xffffffe0
    8498:       e24b3038        sub     r3, fp, #56     ; 0x38
    849c:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    84a0:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    84a4:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    84a8:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    84ac:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    84b0:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    84b4:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    84b8:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    84bc:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    84c0:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    84c4:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    84c8:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    84cc:       e3a02000        mov     r2, #0
    84d0:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    84d4:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    84d8:       e3a03002        mov     r3, #2
    84dc:       e50b3038        str     r3, [fp, #-56]  ; 0xffffffc8
    84e0:       e3a03003        mov     r3, #3
    84e4:       e50b3034        str     r3, [fp, #-52]  ; 0xffffffcc
    84e8:       e3a03004        mov     r3, #4
    84ec:       e50b3030        str     r3, [fp, #-48]  ; 0xffffffd0
    84f0:       e24b3018        sub     r3, fp, #24
    84f4:       e50b3008        str     r3, [fp, #-8]
    84f8:       e24b3024        sub     r3, fp, #36     ; 0x24
    84fc:       e50b300c        str     r3, [fp, #-12]
    8500:       e24b3038        sub     r3, fp, #56     ; 0x38
    8504:       e50b3010        str     r3, [fp, #-16]
    8508:       e59f00b0        ldr     r0, [pc, #176]  ; 85c0 <main+0x194>
    850c:       ebffff8f        bl      8350 <_init+0x20>
    8510:       e51b3008        ldr     r3, [fp, #-8]
    8514:       e2833002        add     r3, r3, #2
    8518:       e5d32000        ldrb    r2, [r3]
    851c:       e2822001        add     r2, r2, #1
    8520:       e20220ff        and     r2, r2, #255    ; 0xff
    8524:       e5c32000        strb    r2, [r3]
    8528:       e59f0094        ldr     r0, [pc, #148]  ; 85c4 <main+0x198>
    852c:       ebffff87        bl      8350 <_init+0x20>
    8530:       e55b3016        ldrb    r3, [fp, #-22]  ; 0xffffffea
    8534:       e2833001        add     r3, r3, #1
    8538:       e20330ff        and     r3, r3, #255    ; 0xff
    853c:       e54b3016        strb    r3, [fp, #-22]  ; 0xffffffea
    8540:       e59f0078        ldr     r0, [pc, #120]  ; 85c0 <main+0x194>
    8544:       ebffff81        bl      8350 <_init+0x20>
    8548:       e51b300c        ldr     r3, [fp, #-12]
    854c:       e2833004        add     r3, r3, #4
    8550:       e1d320b0        ldrh    r2, [r3]
    8554:       e2822001        add     r2, r2, #1
    8558:       e1a02802        lsl     r2, r2, #16
    855c:       e1a02822        lsr     r2, r2, #16
    8560:       e1c320b0        strh    r2, [r3]
    8564:       e59f0058        ldr     r0, [pc, #88]   ; 85c4 <main+0x198>
    8568:       ebffff78        bl      8350 <_init+0x20>
    856c:       e15b32b0        ldrh    r3, [fp, #-32]  ; 0xffffffe0
    8570:       e2833001        add     r3, r3, #1
    8574:       e1a03803        lsl     r3, r3, #16
    8578:       e1a03823        lsr     r3, r3, #16
    857c:       e14b32b0        strh    r3, [fp, #-32]  ; 0xffffffe0
    8580:       e59f0038        ldr     r0, [pc, #56]   ; 85c0 <main+0x194>
    8584:       ebffff71        bl      8350 <_init+0x20>
    8588:       e51b3010        ldr     r3, [fp, #-16]
    858c:       e2833008        add     r3, r3, #8
    8590:       e5932000        ldr     r2, [r3]
    8594:       e2822001        add     r2, r2, #1
    8598:       e5832000        str     r2, [r3]
    859c:       e59f0020        ldr     r0, [pc, #32]   ; 85c4 <main+0x198>
    85a0:       ebffff6a        bl      8350 <_init+0x20>
    85a4:       e51b3030        ldr     r3, [fp, #-48]  ; 0xffffffd0
    85a8:       e2833001        add     r3, r3, #1
    85ac:       e50b3030        str     r3, [fp, #-48]  ; 0xffffffd0
    85b0:       e3a03000        mov     r3, #0
    85b4:       e1a00003        mov     r0, r3
    85b8:       e24bd004        sub     sp, fp, #4
    85bc:       e8bd8800        pop     {fp, pc}
    85c0:       000086a0        .word   0x000086a0
    85c4:       000086a4        .word   0x000086a4
arm编译和反汇编

横向对比:

  这里可以很明显得出结论: 使用数组操作比指针高效!, 理由很简单, 编译器认为数组偏移多少成员其对于地址都是确定的, 取数组[0]和[3]没有区别就是个地址, 而指针偏移是一个独立行为,

所以要显性执行这个动作, 因此多出这部分指令!

  这个表还有其他有意思的地方, 比如前面第二条 x86用前置归零movzbl, 而arm用and与或者lsl/lsr右移右移处理溢出, 用int变量比char、short高效

 

4. 有符号与无符号加减乘都一样, 无符号除效率更高

 以下只列出x86编译器反汇编, arm编译出来也是一样的结论

/* 示例: 乘法指令一样 */
int main()
{
    int a,b;
    unsigned int ua,ub;

    b = a * 5;
    ub = ua * 5;

    return 0;
}

00000000004004d6 <main>:
  4004d6:       55                      push   %rbp
  4004d7:       48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  4004da:       8b 55 f0                mov    -0x10(%rbp),%edx        //取a变量
  4004dd:       89 d0                   mov    %edx,%eax
  4004df:       c1 e0 02                shl    $0x2,%eax
  4004e2:       01 d0                   add    %edx,%eax
  4004e4:       89 45 f4                mov    %eax,-0xc(%rbp)        //将a算好的值直接赋值b变量
  4004e7:       8b 55 f8                mov    -0x8(%rbp),%edx        //取ua变量
  4004ea:       89 d0                   mov    %edx,%eax
  4004ec:       c1 e0 02                shl    $0x2,%eax
  4004ef:       01 d0                   add    %edx,%eax
  4004f1:       89 45 fc                mov    %eax,-0x4(%rbp)        //将ua算好的值直接赋值ub变量
  4004f4:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
  4004f9:       5d                      pop    %rbp
  4004fa:       c3                      retq   
  4004fb:       0f 1f 44 00 00          nopl   0x0(%rax,%rax,1)

 

/* 示例: 除法指令更少 */
int
main() { int a,b; unsigned int ua,ub; b = a / 5; ub = ua / 5; return 0; } =========================== 00000000004004d6 <main>: 4004d6: 55 push %rbp 4004d7: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp 4004da: 8b 4d f0 mov -0x10(%rbp),%ecx //取a变量 4004dd: ba 67 66 66 66 mov $0x66666667,%edx 4004e2: 89 c8 mov %ecx,%eax 4004e4: f7 ea imul %edx 4004e6: d1 fa sar %edx 4004e8: 89 c8 mov %ecx,%eax 4004ea: c1 f8 1f sar $0x1f,%eax 4004ed: 29 c2 sub %eax,%edx 4004ef: 89 d0 mov %edx,%eax 4004f1: 89 45 f4 mov %eax,-0xc(%rbp) //将a算好的值直接赋值b变量 4004f4: 8b 45 f8 mov -0x8(%rbp),%eax //取ua变量 4004f7: ba cd cc cc cc mov $0xcccccccd,%edx 4004fc: f7 e2 mul %edx 4004fe: 89 d0 mov %edx,%eax 400500: c1 e8 02 shr $0x2,%eax 400503: 89 45 fc mov %eax,-0x4(%rbp) //将ua算好的值直接赋值ub变量 400506: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 40050b: 5d pop %rbp 40050c: c3 retq 40050d: 0f 1f 00 nopl (%rax)

 

 

5.
%、/ 算术花费20~100周期, 以ring buffer为例
    off = (off + cnt) % buf_size;  // 每次都%哪怕不大于buf_size 耗时50个周期
    更高效写法:
    off += cnt;
    if(off > buf_size)
        off -= buf_size;
    耗两条指令, 或者3条
    如果一定要除法, 要unsigned!
 
6. 函数参数数量不要超多4个, R0~R3保存函数参数, 多余会放入栈去 
7. enum大小取决编译器
8. 每次除法时, 取模是无偿得到的, 反过来也是

  p.x = offset % line_size; //%时R0存储除后的除数, R1存储余数
  p.y = offset / line_size; //直接利用上面的R0赋值p.y

 

posted @ 2019-04-03 11:33  Vedic  阅读(1392)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报