Redis持久化

参考:http://www.redis.cn/topics/persistence.html

Redis 提供了不同级别的持久化方式:

• RDB持久化方式能够在指定的时间间隔能对你的数据进行快照存储.
  •  Redis 将数据库快照保存在名字为 dump.rdb的二进制文件中。你可以对 Redis 进行设置， 让它在“ N 秒内数据集至少有 M 个改动”这一条件被满足时， 自动保存一次数据集。你也可以通过调用 SAVE或者 BGSAVE ， 手动让 Redis 进行数据集保存操作。

################################ SNAPSHOTTING  ################################
#
# Save the DB on disk:
#
#   save <seconds> <changes>
#
#   Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
#   number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
#   In the example below the behaviour will be to save:
#   after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
#   after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
#   after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#
#   Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
#   It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
#   points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
#   like in the following example:
#
#   save ""

save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes

# Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.
# This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance
# hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it
# for maximum performances.
#
# RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will
# tell the loading code to skip the check.
rdbchecksum yes

# The filename where to dump the DB
dbfilename dump.rdb

# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
dir ./

• AOF持久化方式记录每次对服务器写的操作,当服务器重启的时候会重新执行这些命令来恢复原始的数据,AOF命令以redis协议追加保存每次写的操作到文件末尾.Redis还能对AOF文件进行后台重写,使得AOF文件的体积不至于过大.

############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################

# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.

appendonly no

# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")

appendfilename "appendonly.aof"

# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".

# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no

# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes

 tips:你也可以同时开启两种持久化方式, 在这种情况下, 当redis重启的时候会优先载入AOF文件来恢复原始的数据,因为在通常情况下AOF文件保存的数据集要比RDB文件保存的数据集要完整.

---

RDB的优点

• RDB是一个非常紧凑的文件,它保存了某个时间点得数据集,非常适用于数据集的备份,比如你可以在每个小时报保存一下过去24小时内的数据,同时每天保存过去30天的数据,这样即使出了问题你也可以根据需求恢复到不同版本的数据集.
• RDB是一个紧凑的单一文件,很方便传送到另一个远端数据中心或者亚马逊的S3（可能加密），非常适用于灾难恢复.
• RDB在保存RDB文件时父进程唯一需要做的就是fork出一个子进程,接下来的工作全部由子进程来做，父进程不需要再做其他IO操作，所以RDB持久化方式可以最大化redis的性能.
• 与AOF相比,在恢复大的数据集的时候，RDB方式会更快一些.

RDB的缺点

• 如果你希望在redis意外停止工作（例如电源中断）的情况下丢失的数据最少的话，那么RDB不适合你.虽然你可以配置不同的save时间点(例如每隔5分钟并且对数据集有100个写的操作),是Redis要完整的保存整个数据集是一个比较繁重的工作,你通常会每隔5分钟或者更久做一次完整的保存,万一在Redis意外宕机,你可能会丢失几分钟的数据.
• RDB 需要经常fork子进程来保存数据集到硬盘上,当数据集比较大的时候,fork的过程是非常耗时的,可能会导致Redis在一些毫秒级内不能响应客户端的请求.如果数据集巨大并且CPU性能不是很好的情况下,这种情况会持续1秒,AOF也需要fork,但是你可以调节重写日志文件的频率来提高数据集的耐久度.

---

AOF 优点

• 使用AOF 会让你的Redis更加耐久: 你可以使用不同的fsync策略：无fsync,每秒fsync,每次写的时候fsync.使用默认的每秒fsync策略,Redis的性能依然很好(fsync是由后台线程进行处理的,主线程会尽力处理客户端请求),一旦出现故障，你最多丢失1秒的数据.
• AOF文件是一个只进行追加的日志文件,所以不需要写入seek,即使由于某些原因(磁盘空间已满，写的过程中宕机等等)未执行完整的写入命令,你也也可使用redis-check-aof工具修复这些问题.
• Redis 可以在 AOF 文件体积变得过大时，自动地在后台对 AOF 进行重写： 重写后的新 AOF 文件包含了恢复当前数据集所需的最小命令集合。 整个重写操作是绝对安全的，因为 Redis 在创建新 AOF 文件的过程中，会继续将命令追加到现有的 AOF 文件里面，即使重写过程中发生停机，现有的 AOF 文件也不会丢失。 而一旦新 AOF 文件创建完毕，Redis 就会从旧 AOF 文件切换到新 AOF 文件，并开始对新 AOF 文件进行追加操作。
• AOF 文件有序地保存了对数据库执行的所有写入操作， 这些写入操作以 Redis 协议的格式保存， 因此 AOF 文件的内容非常容易被人读懂， 对文件进行分析（parse）也很轻松。 导出（export） AOF 文件也非常简单： 举个例子， 如果你不小心执行了 FLUSHALL 命令， 但只要 AOF 文件未被重写， 那么只要停止服务器， 移除 AOF 文件末尾的 FLUSHALL 命令， 并重启 Redis ， 就可以将数据集恢复到 FLUSHALL 执行之前的状态。

 AOF 缺点

• 对于相同的数据集来说，AOF 文件的体积通常要大于 RDB 文件的体积。
• 根据所使用的 fsync 策略，AOF 的速度可能会慢于 RDB 。 在一般情况下， 每秒 fsync 的性能依然非常高， 而关闭 fsync 可以让 AOF 的速度和 RDB 一样快， 即使在高负荷之下也是如此。 不过在处理巨大的写入载入时，RDB 可以提供更有保证的最大延迟时间（latency）。

---

如何选择使用哪种持久化方式？ 

一般来说， 如果想达到足以媲美 PostgreSQL 的数据安全性， 你应该同时使用两种持久化功能。

如果你非常关心你的数据， 但仍然可以承受数分钟以内的数据丢失， 那么你可以只使用 RDB 持久化。

有很多用户都只使用 AOF 持久化， 但我们并不推荐这种方式： 因为定时生成 RDB 快照（snapshot）非常便于进行数据库备份， 并且 RDB 恢复数据集的速度也要比 AOF 恢复的速度要快， 除此之外， 使用 RDB 还可以避免之前提到的 AOF 程序的 bug 。