一、requests简介
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| import requests |
| r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events') |
| r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'}) |
| r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'}) |
| r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') |
| r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') |
| r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get') |
二、基于requests之GET请求
1、基本请求
| import requests |
| response=requests.get('http://dig.chouti.com/') |
| print(response.text) |
2、带参数的GET请求->params
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| url = 'https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=软件测试&pn=1' |
| headers={'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36'} |
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| import requests |
| response=requests.get(url=url, headers=headers) |
| print(response.text) |
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| from urllib.parse import urlencode |
| wd='软件测试' |
| encode_res=urlencode({'k':wd},encoding='utf-8') |
| keyword=encode_res.split('=')[1] |
| print(keyword) |
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| url='https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%s&pn=1'%keyword |
| response=requests.get(url,headers={'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36'}) |
| res1=response.text |
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| from urllib.parse import urlencode |
| wd='软件测试' |
| pn=1 |
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| response=requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/s', |
| params={ |
| 'wd':wd, |
| 'pn':pn |
| }, |
| headers={ |
| 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36', |
| }) |
| res2=response.text |
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| with open('a.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as f: |
| f.write(res1) |
| with open('b.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: |
| f.write(res2) |
| #通常我们在发送请求时都需要带上请求头,请求头是将自身伪装成浏览器的关键,常见的有用的请求头如下 |
| Host |
| Referer #大型网站通常都会根据该参数判断请求的来源 |
| User-Agent #客户端 |
| Cookie #Cookie信息虽然包含在请求头里,但requests模块有单独的参数来处理他,headers={}内就不要放它了 |
| #添加headers(浏览器会识别请求头,不加可能会被拒绝访问,比如访问https://www.zhihu.com/explore) |
| import requests |
| response=requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore') |
| response.status_code #500 |
| |
| #自己定制headers |
| headers={ |
| 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0; Nexus 5 Build/MRA58N) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.76 Mobile Safari/537.36', |
| } |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers) |
| print(respone.status_code) #200 |
4、带参数的GET请求->cookies
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| import requests |
| Cookies={'user_session':'wGMHFJKgDcmRIVvcA14_Wrt_3xaUyJNsBnPbYzEL6L0bHcfc', |
| } |
| response=requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails',cookies=Cookies) |
| print('123456@qq.com' in response.text) |
三、基于POST请求
1、介绍
| GET请求 |
| HTTP默认的请求方法就是GET |
| 1.没有请求体 |
| 2.数据必须在1K之内 |
| 3.GET请求数据会暴露在浏览器的地址栏中 |
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| GET请求常用的操作: |
| 1. 在浏览器的地址栏中直接给出URL,那么就一定是GET请求 |
| 2. 点击页面上的超链接也一定是GET请求 |
| 3. 提交表单时,表单默认使用GET请求,但可以设置为POST |
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| POST请求 |
| 1.数据不会出现在地址栏中 |
| 2.数据的大小没有上限 |
| 3.有请求体 |
| 4.请求体中如果存在中文,会使用URL编码! |
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| #!!!requests.post()用法与requests.get()完全一致,特殊的是requests.post()有一个data参数,用来存放请求体数据 |
2、发送POST请求,模拟浏览器的登录行为
对于登录来说,应该输错用户名或密码然后分析抓包流程,用脑子想一想,输对了浏览器就跳转了,还分析个毛线,累死你也找不到包
| 一 目标站点分析 |
| 浏览器输入https://github.com/login |
| 然后输入错误的账号密码,抓包 |
| 发现登录行为是post提交到:https://github.com/session |
| 而且请求头包含cookie |
| 而且请求体包含: |
| commit:Sign in |
| utf8:✓ |
| authenticity_token:lbI8IJCwGslZS8qJPnof5e7ZkCoSoMn6jmDTsL1r/m06NLyIbw7vCrpwrFAPzHMep3Tmf/TSJVoXWrvDZaVwxQ== |
| login:admin |
| password:123456 |
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| 二 流程分析 |
| 先GET:https://github.com/login拿到初始cookie与authenticity_token |
| 返回POST:https://github.com/session, 带上初始cookie,带上请求体(authenticity_token,用户名,密码等) |
| 最后拿到登录cookie |
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| ps:如果密码时密文形式,则可以先输错账号,输对密码,然后到浏览器中拿到加密后的密码,github的密码是明文 |
| import requests |
| import re |
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| r1=requests.get('https://github.com/login') |
| r1_cookie=r1.cookies.get_dict() |
| authenticity_token=re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token".*?value="(.*?)"',r1.text)[0] |
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| data={ |
| 'commit':'Sign in', |
| 'utf8':'✓', |
| 'authenticity_token':authenticity_token, |
| 'login':'123456@qq.com', |
| 'password':'alex3714' |
| } |
| r2=requests.post('https://github.com/session', |
| data=data, |
| cookies=r1_cookie |
| ) |
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| login_cookie=r2.cookies.get_dict() |
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| r3=requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', |
| cookies=login_cookie) |
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| print('123456@qq.com' in r3.text) |
| import requests |
| import re |
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| session=requests.session() |
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| r1=session.get('https://github.com/login') |
| authenticity_token=re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token".*?value="(.*?)"',r1.text)[0] |
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| data={ |
| 'commit':'Sign in', |
| 'utf8':'✓', |
| 'authenticity_token':authenticity_token, |
| 'login':'123456@qq.com', |
| 'password':'alex3714' |
| } |
| r2=session.post('https://github.com/session', |
| data=data, |
| ) |
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| r3=session.get('https://github.com/settings/emails') |
| print('123456@qq.com' in r3.text) |
| requests.session()自动帮我们保存cookie信息 |
3、补充
| requests.post(url='xxxxxxxx',data={'xxx':'yyy'}) |
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| requests.post(url='', |
| data={'':1,}, |
| headers={ |
| 'content-type':'application/json' |
| }) |
| requests.post(url='',json={'':1,},) |
四、响应Response
1、response属性
| import requests |
| respone=requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') |
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| print(respone.text) |
| print(respone.content) |
| print(respone.status_code) |
| print(respone.headers) |
| print(respone.cookies) |
| print(respone.cookies.get_dict()) |
| print(respone.cookies.items()) |
| print(respone.url) |
| print(respone.history) |
| print(respone.encoding) |
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| from contextlib import closing |
| with closing(requests.get('xxx',stream=True)) as response: |
| for line in response.iter_content(): |
| pass |
2、编码的问题
| import requests |
| response=requests.get('http://www.autohome.com/news') |
| # response.encoding='gbk' #汽车之家网站返回的页面内容为gb2312编码的,而requests的默认编码为ISO-8859-1,如果不设置成gbk则中文乱码 |
| print(response.text) |
3、获取二进制数据
| import requests |
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| response=requests.get('https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=123456&di=712e4ef3ab258b36e9f4b48e85a81c9d&imgtype=0&src=http%3A%2F%2Fc.hiphotos.baidu.com%2Fimage%2Fpic%2Fitem%2F11385343fbf2b211e1fb58a1c08065380dd78e0c.jpg') |
| with open('a.jpg','wb') as f: |
| f.write(response.content) |
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| import requests |
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| response=requests.get('https://gss3.baidu.com/6LZ0ej3k1Qd3ote6lo7D0j9wehsv/tieba-smallvideo-transcode/1767502_56ec685f9c7ec542eeaf6eac93a65dc7_6fe25cd1347c_3.mp4', |
| stream=True) |
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| with open('b.mp4','wb') as f: |
| for line in response.iter_content(): |
| f.write(line) |
4、解析json
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| import requests |
| response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') |
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| import json |
| res1=json.loads(response.text) |
| res2=response.json() |
| print(res1 == res2) |
5、Redirection and History(重定向和历史)
| import requests |
| import re |
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| r1=requests.get('https://github.com/login') |
| r1_cookie=r1.cookies.get_dict() |
| authenticity_token=re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token".*?value="(.*?)"',r1.text)[0] |
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| data={ |
| 'commit':'Sign in', |
| 'utf8':'✓', |
| 'authenticity_token':authenticity_token, |
| 'login':'123456@qq.com', |
| 'password':'alex3714' |
| } |
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| r2=requests.post('https://github.com/session', |
| data=data, |
| cookies=r1_cookie |
| ) |
| print(r2.status_code) |
| print(r2.url) |
| print(r2.history) |
| print(r2.history[0].text) |
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| r2=requests.post('https://github.com/session', |
| data=data, |
| cookies=r1_cookie, |
| allow_redirects=False |
| ) |
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| print(r2.status_code) |
| print(r2.url) |
| print(r2.history) |
五、高级用法
1、SSL Cert Verification
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| import requests |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn') |
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| import requests |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) |
| print(respone.status_code) |
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| import requests |
| from requests.packages import urllib3 |
| urllib3.disable_warnings() |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) |
| print(respone.status_code) |
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| import requests |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',cert=('/path/server.crt','/path/key')) |
| print(respone.status_code) |
2、使用代理
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| import requests |
| proxies={ |
| 'http':'http://egon:123@localhost:9743', |
| 'http':'http://localhost:9743', |
| 'https':'https://localhost:9743', |
| } |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',proxies=proxies) |
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| print(respone.status_code) |
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| import requests |
| proxies = { |
| 'http': 'socks5://user:pass@host:port', |
| 'https': 'socks5://user:pass@host:port' |
| } |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',proxies=proxies) |
| print(respone.status_code) |
3、超时设置
| #两种超时:float or tuple |
| #timeout=0.1 |
| #timeout=(0.1,0.2) |
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| import requests |
| respone=requests.get('https://www.baidu.com',timeout=0.0001) |
4、认证设置
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| import requests |
| from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth |
| r=requests.get('xxx',auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user','password')) |
| print(r.status_code) |
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| import requests |
| r=requests.get('xxx',auth=('user','password')) |
| print(r.status_code) |
5、异常处理
| import requests |
| from requests.exceptions import * |
| try: |
| r=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',timeout=0.00001) |
| except ReadTimeout: |
| print('===:') |
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| except RequestException: |
| print('Error') |
6、上传文件
| import requests |
| files={'file':open('a.jpg','rb')} |
| respone=requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files) |
| print(respone.status_code) |
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