[LuoguP3978](https://www.luogu.org/problem/P3978) BZOJ4001概率论
BZOJ 4001 概率论
设\(f_i\)表示i个点的二叉树方案数
立刻有\(f_n = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} f_i f_{n-i-1}\)
设\(F(x)为序列f的生成函数,有F(x)^2 = \sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} \sum_{i+j = n} f_i f_j x^i\)
可设\(g(x) = f(x+1) = \sum_{i+j = x} f_i f_j\)(\(G(x)为序列g的生成函数\))
有: \(G(x) = F(x)^2\), 又有\(F(x) = xG(x)+f(0)\),所以解得\(F(x) = (2x)^{-1} (1-(1-4x)^{\frac{1}{2}})\)
有二项式定理展开得\(F(x) = (2x)^{-1} (1-\sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} \dbinom{\frac{1}{2}}{i} (-4)^i)x^i)\)
考虑化简\(\sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} \dbinom{\frac{1}{2}}{i} (-4)^i\)
由组合数定义可知, \(\dbinom{\frac{1}{2}}{i} (-4)^i = -\sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} (2i-1)^{-1} \dbinom{2i}{i}\)
原式化简为\(F(x) = (2x)^{-1} (1+\sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} (2i-1)^{-1} \dbinom{2i}{i})x^i)\),有后式在x=0时取-1,消去前面的1,然后消去2x,可化简为\(F(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} \frac{1}{4i+2} \dbinom{2i+2}{i+1}x^i\),拆去组合数得\(F(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} \frac{1}{i+1} \dbinom{2i}{i} x^i\),即\(f_i = \frac{1}{i+1} \dbinom{2i}{i}\)
同理设节点数为i的所有二叉树的叶子种数为\(h_i\)(\(H(x)为序列的生成函数\)),\(H(x) = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-4x}}\),同理得\(h_i = \dbinom{2i-2}{i-1}\),可得\(答案=\frac{h_i}{f_i}=\frac{n(n+1)}{2(2n-1)}\)
代码:
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std ;
int n; double p ;
int main(){
scanf("%d",&n) ;
p = n/1.000000000 ;
printf("%.9lf",((p)*(p+1)) / (2 * (2*p - 1))) ;
}