ArrayList源码详细解析分析
目录[-]
1.概述
ArrayList是List接口的可变数组的实现。实现了所有可选列表操作,并允许包括 null 在内的所有元素。除了实现 List 接口外,此类还提供一些方法来操作内部用来存储列表的数组的大小。
每个ArrayList实例都有一个容量,该容量是指用来存储列表元素的数组的大小。它总是至少等于列表的大小(如果不指定capacity,默认是10)。
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/** * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten. */ public ArrayList() { this ( 10 ); } |
随着向ArrayList中不断添加元素,其容量也自动增长。自动增长会带来数据向新数组的重新拷贝(影响性能),因此,如果可预知数据量的多少,可在构造ArrayList时指定其容量。在添加大量元素前,应用程序也可以使用ensureCapacity操作来增加ArrayList实例的容量,这可以减少递增式再分配的数量。
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/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * * @param e element to be appended to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */ public boolean add(E e) { ensureCapacity(size + 1 ); // Increments modCount!! elementData[size++] = e; return true ; } |
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/** * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements * specified by the minimum capacity argument. * * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity */ public void ensureCapacity( int minCapacity) { modCount++; int oldCapacity = elementData.length; if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) { Object oldData[] = elementData; int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3 )/ 2 + 1 ; if (newCapacity < minCapacity) newCapacity = minCapacity; // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win: elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); } } |
注意: 在ensureCapacity中,
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Object oldData[] = elementData; |
是要在复制新数组前,保存原来数组的引用,因为后面这个引用会指向新的数组。但是保存后其实没有用处。
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elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); |
注意,此实现不是同步的。如果多个线程同时访问一个ArrayList实例,而其中至少一个线程从结构上修改了列表,那么它必须保持外部同步。
2 Arraylist的实现
2.1 底层利用object数组实现
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private transient Object[] elementData; |
2.2 构造方法
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public ArrayList() { this ( 10 ); } public ArrayList( int initialCapacity) { super (); if (initialCapacity < 0 ) throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Illegal Capacity: " + initialCapacity); this .elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; } public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { elementData = c.toArray(); size = elementData.length; // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652) if (elementData.getClass() != Object[]. class ) elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[]. class ); } |
此处也是用Arrays.copyOf实现数组的复制,重点研究一下。与生成新数组的时候一样。
2.3 存储
第一判断ensureSize,如果够直接插入,否则按照policy扩展,复制,重建数组。
第二步插入元素。
ArrayList提供了set(int index, E element)、add(E e)、add(int index, E element)、addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)、addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)这些添加元素的方法。下面我们一一讲解
1. set(int index, E element),取代,而非插入,返回被取代的元素
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/** * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with * the specified element. * * @param index index of the element to replace * @param element element to be stored at the specified position * @return the element previously at the specified position * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public E set( int index, E element) { RangeCheck(index); E oldValue = (E) elementData[index]; elementData[index] = element; return oldValue; } |
2. add(E e) 增加元素到末尾,如果size不溢出,自动增长
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/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * * @param e element to be appended to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */ public boolean add(E e) { ensureCapacity(size + 1 ); // Increments modCount!! elementData[size++] = e; return true ; } |
3. add(int index, E element) 增加元素到某个位置,该索引之后的元素都后移一位
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/** * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices). * * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted * @param element element to be inserted * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public void add( int index, E element) { if (index > size || index < 0 ) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Index: " +index+ ", Size: " +size); ensureCapacity(size+ 1 ); // Increments modCount!! System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1 , size - index); elementData[index] = element; size++; } |
3.后面两个方法都是把集合转换为数组利用c.toArray,然后利用Arrays.copyOF 方法,重点研究一下
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/** * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of * this list, in the order that they are returned by the * specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is * undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation * is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is * undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this * list is nonempty.) * * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null */ public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { Object[] a = c.toArray(); int numNew = a.length; ensureCapacity(size + numNew); // Increments modCount System.arraycopy(a, 0 , elementData, size, numNew); size += numNew; return numNew != 0 ; } |
Collection 接口定义了toArray方法,如下
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/** * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection. * If this collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements * are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in * the same order. * * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are * maintained by this collection. (In other words, this method must * allocate a new array even if this collection is backed by an array). * The caller is thus free to modify the returned array. * * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based * APIs. * * @return an array containing all of the elements in this collection */ Object[] toArray(); |
下面是arraylist对其的一种实现:
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/** * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list * in proper sequence (from first to last element). * * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are * maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate * a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array. * * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based * APIs. * * @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in * proper sequence */ public Object[] toArray() { return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); } |
备注:
/**
* This class contains various methods for manipulating arrays (such as
* sorting and searching). This class also contains a static factory
* that allows arrays to be viewed as lists.
2.4 删除
一种是按索引删除,不用查询,索引之后的element顺序左移一位,并将最后一个element设为null,由gc负责回收。
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/** * Removes the element at the specified position in this list. * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their * indices). * * @param index the index of the element to be removed * @return the element that was removed from the list * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public E remove( int index) { RangeCheck(index); modCount++; E oldValue = (E) elementData[index]; int numMoved = size - index - 1 ; if (numMoved > 0 ) System.arraycopy(elementData, index+ 1 , elementData, index, numMoved); elementData[--size] = null ; // Let gc do its work return oldValue; } |
3. Arrays.copyOf
源码如下:
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/** * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary) * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the * copy but not the original, the copy will contain <tt>null</tt>. * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length * is greater than that of the original array. * The resulting array is of the class <tt>newType</tt>. * * @param original the array to be copied * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned * @param newType the class of the copy to be returned * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls * to obtain the specified length * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if <tt>newLength</tt> is negative * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>original</tt> is null * @throws ArrayStoreException if an element copied from * <tt>original</tt> is not of a runtime type that can be stored in * an array of class <tt>newType</tt> * @since 1.6 */ public static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType) { T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[]. class ) ? (T[]) new Object[newLength] : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength); System.arraycopy(original, 0 , copy, 0 , Math.min(original.length, newLength)); return copy; } |
此处jdk有所优化,如果是object类型,直接new object数组,如果不是通过Array.newInstance调用native方法产生响应的数组类型,创建数组后,通过System.arrayCopy实现数组复制,System是个final类,copyof是个native方法。(如果实现,为何用native方法???)源码如下
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* @param src the source array. * @param srcPos starting position in the source array. * @param dest the destination array. * @param destPos starting position in the destination data. * @param length the number of array elements to be copied. * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if copying would cause * access of data outside array bounds. * @exception ArrayStoreException if an element in the <code>src</code> * array could not be stored into the <code>dest</code> array * because of a type mismatch. * @exception NullPointerException if either <code>src</code> or * <code>dest</code> is <code> null </code>. */ public static native void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos, Object dest, int destPos, int length); |
备注:
-
Native修饰符标示该方法的实现体非java,而是c++或者其他语言
2. 有助于提升性能
4. 关于native
Java不是完美的,Java的不足除了体现在运行速度上要比传统的C++慢许多之外,Java无法直接访问到操作系统底层(如系统硬件等),为此Java使用native方法来扩展Java程序的功能。
可以将native方法比作Java程序同C程序的接口,其实现步骤:
1、在Java中声明native()方法,然后编译;
2、用javah产生一个.h文件;
3、写一个.cpp文件实现native导出方法,其中需要包含第二步产生的.h文件(注意其中又包含了JDK带的jni.h文件);
4、将第三步的.cpp文件编译成动态链接库文件;
5、在Java中用System.loadLibrary()方法加载第四步产生的动态链接库文件,这个native()方法就可以在Java中被访问了。
上述例子中,System.arrayCopy()和Array.newInsance(compnentType, length)均采用native方法,补充Array.newInstance()源码如下:
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* @param componentType the <code>Class</code> object representing the * component type of the new array * @param length the length of the new array * @return the new array * @exception NullPointerException if the specified * <code>componentType</code> parameter is null * @exception IllegalArgumentException if componentType is { @link Void#TYPE} * @exception NegativeArraySizeException if the specified <code>length</code> * is negative */ public static Object newInstance(Class<?> componentType, int length) throws NegativeArraySizeException { return newArray(componentType, length); } |
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private static native Object newArray(Class componentType, int length) throws NegativeArraySizeException; |
5 Array.newInstance()的意义
利用Array.newInstance()创建数组的意义是什么?
Java反射技术除了可以在运行时动态地决定要创建什么类型的对象,访问哪些成员变量,方法,还可以动态地创建各种不同类型,不同维度的数组。
动态创建数组的步骤如下:
1.创建Class对象,通过forName(String)方法指定数组元素的类型
2.调用Array.newInstance(Class, length_of_array)动态创建数组
访问动态数组元素的方法和通常有所不同,它的格式如下所示,注意该方法返回的是一个Object对象
Array.get(arrayObject, index)
为动态数组元素赋值的方法也和通常的不同,它的格式如下所示, 注意最后的一个参数必须是Object类型
Array.set(arrayObject, index, object)
动态数组Array不单可以创建一维数组,还可以创建多维数组。步骤如下:
1.定义一个整形数组:例如int[] dims= new int{5, 10, 15};指定一个三维数组
2.调用Array.newInstance(Class, dims);创建指定维数的数组
访问多维动态数组的方法和访问一维数组的方式没有什么大的不同,只不过要分多次来获取,每次取出的都是一个Object,直至最后一次,赋值也一样。
动态数组Array可以转化为普通的数组,例如:
Array arry = Array.newInstance(Integer.TYPE,5);
int arrayCast[] = (int[])array;
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public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { Class<?> classType = Class.forName( "java.lang.String" ); // 创建一个长度为10的字符串数组 Object array = Array.newInstance(classType, 10 ); // 把索引位置为5的元素设为"hello" Array.set(array, 5 , "hello" ); // 获得索引位置为5的元素的值 String s = (String) Array.get(array, 5 ); System.out.println(s); } |
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public static void main(String args[]) { int [] dims = new int [] { 5 , 10 , 15 }; // 创建一个具有指定的组件类型和维度的新数组。 Object array = Array.newInstance(Integer.TYPE, dims); // 取出三维数组的第3行,为一个数组 Object arrayObj = Array.get(array, 3 ); Class<?> cls = arrayObj.getClass().getComponentType(); System.out.println(cls); // 取出第3行的第5列,为一个数组 arrayObj = Array.get(arrayObj, 5 ); // 访问第3行第5列的第10个元素,为其赋值37 Array.setInt(arrayObj, 10 , 37 ); // 动态数组和普通数组的转换:强行转换成对等的数组 int arrayCast[][][] = ( int [][][]) array; System.out.println(arrayCast[ 3 ][ 5 ][ 10 ]); } |
6 为什么elementData 要声明为transient变量
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public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L; /** * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored. * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. */ private transient Object[] elementData; |
序列化有2种方式:
A、只是实现了Serializable接口。
序列化时,调用java.io.ObjectOutputStream的defaultWriteObject方法,将对象序列化。
注意:此时transient修饰的字段,不会被序列化。
B、实现了Serializable接口,同时提供了writeObject方法。
序列化时,会调用该类的writeObject方法。而不是java.io.ObjectOutputStream的defaultWriteObject方法。
注意:此时transient修饰的字段,是否会被序列化,取决于writeObject
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/** * Save the state of the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to a stream (that * is, serialize it). * * @serialData The length of the array backing the <tt>ArrayList</tt> * instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements * (each an <tt>Object</tt>) in the proper order. */ private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws java.io.IOException{ // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff int expectedModCount = modCount; s.defaultWriteObject(); // Write out array length s.writeInt(elementData.length); // Write out all elements in the proper order. for ( int i= 0 ; i<size; i++) s.writeObject(elementData[i]); if (modCount != expectedModCount) { throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } } |
ArrayList是会开辟多余空间来保存数据的,而系列化和反序列化这些没有存放数据的空间是要消耗更多资源的,所以ArrayList的数组就声明为transient,自己实现write/readObject方法,仅仅系列化已经存放的数据
7 为何要序列化,不是在内存中吗
ArrayList 实现了java.io.Serializable接口,在需要序列化的情况下,复写writeObjcet和readObject方法提供适合自己的序列化方法。
1、序列化是干什么的?
简单说就是为了保存在内存中的各种对象的状态(也就是实例变量,不是方法),并且可以把保存的对象状态再读出来。虽然你可以用你自己的各种各样的方法来保存object states,但是Java给你提供一种应该比你自己好的保存对象状态的机制,那就是序列化。
2、什么情况下需要序列化
a)当你想把的内存中的对象状态保存到一个文件中或者数据库中时候;
b)当你想用套接字在网络上传送对象的时候;
c)当你想通过RMI传输对象的时候;
3. 示例代码
1.import java.io.*;
3.public class Box implements Serializable //要保存的对象类必须实现序列化接口serializable
4.{
5. private int width;
6. private int height;
7.
8. public void setWidth(int width){
9. this.width = width;
10. }
11. public void setHeight(int height){
12. this.height = height;
13. }
14.
15. public static void main(String[] args){
16. Box myBox = new Box();
17. myBox.setWidth(50);
18. myBox.setHeight(30);
19.
20. try{ //序列化。
21. FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("foo.ser");
22. ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs);
23. os.writeObject(myBox);
24. os.close();
25. }catch(Exception ex){
26. ex.printStackTrace();
27. }
28. }
30.}
发序列化方法
Public static void seserialize(string filename) throws Exception
{
// 反序列化(读出保存的对象文件)
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream (new FileInputStream(filename));
Box box = (Box) (in.readbject());
System.out.println(box.toString());
In.Closer();
}
8 总结
1.Arraylist基于数组实现,是自增长的
2,非线程安全的
3.插入时可能要扩容,删除时size不会减少,如果需要,可以使用trimToSize方法,在查询时,遍历查询,为null,判断是否是null, 返回; 如果不是null,用equals判断,返回
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/** * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element. * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>. * * @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element */ public boolean contains(Object o) { return indexOf(o) >= 0 ; } /** * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. * More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that * <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>, * or -1 if there is no such index. */ public int indexOf(Object o) { if (o == null ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i < size; i++) if (elementData[i]== null ) return i; } else { for ( int i = 0 ; i < size; i++) if (o.equals(elementData[i])) return i; } return - 1 ; } |
4. 允许重复和 null 元素