django源码阅读
最近再看django-bootstrap-toolkit,一直困惑于静态文件的路径问题。所以只能从源码入手了。
从manage.py开始。
manage.py 比较简单就几句话。
#!/usr/bin/env python
#from django.core.management import execute_manager
import os
import sys
if __name__ == "__main__":
#加载配置文件
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE","settings")
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
#执行配置
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
首先看os.environ.setdefault(),environ为类_Environ的一个实例,它继承自IterableUserDict,而IterableUserDict继承自UserDict,包括setdefault()这个方法也是UserDict的一个方法,看一下setdefault实现的功能:
def setdefault(self, key, failobj=None):
if key not in self:
self[key] = failobj
return self[key]
其中的key是 DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE,这里的self是一个字典,判断key是不是在里面,不在里面就做一个键值绑定。然后返回。
下面进入execute_from_command_line(sys.argv),sys.argv位一个参数执行的列表,像我们执行python manage.py runserver时,manage.py位sys.argv[0],runserver为sys.argv[1],以此类推,如果有更多参数加的话。
进入django的core模块下,找到management模块。在__init__.py下可以找到该函数
def execute_from_command_line(argv=None):
"""
A simple method that runs a ManagementUtility.
"""
utility = ManagementUtility(argv)
utility.execute()
我们输入的参数便传到了这个函数里,其中ManagementUtility位一个类穿进去的参数列表会进入一个简单的初始化
def __init__(self, argv=None):
self.argv = argv or sys.argv[:]
self.prog_name = os.path.basename(self.argv[0])
将参数列表赋给argv,然后返回sys.argv[0]的文件名字给prog_name。
实例化完了之后,再看utility.execute()即类ManagementUtility的execute()方法。
parser = LaxOptionParser(usage="%prog subcommand [options] [args]",
version=get_version(),
option_list=BaseCommand.option_list)
self.autocomplete()
try:
options, args = parser.parse_args(self.argv)
handle_default_options(options)
except:
pass # Ignore any option errors at this point.
try:
subcommand = self.argv[1]
except IndexError:
subcommand = 'help' # Display help if no arguments were given.
if subcommand == 'help':
if len(args) <= 2:
parser.print_lax_help()
sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')
elif args[2] == '--commands':
sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text(commands_only=True) + '\n')
else:
self.fetch_command(args[2]).print_help(self.prog_name, args[2])
elif subcommand == 'version':
sys.stdout.write(parser.get_version() + '\n')
# Special-cases: We want 'django-admin.py --version' and
# 'django-admin.py --help' to work, for backwards compatibility.
elif self.argv[1:] == ['--version']:
# LaxOptionParser already takes care of printing the version.
pass
elif self.argv[1:] in (['--help'], ['-h']):
parser.print_lax_help()
sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')
else:
self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
第一个语句为词法分析,可是找遍了LaxOptionParser这个类也没有找到入口,里面并没有__init__,只有几个函数,可是python也没有正式的构造函数重载的什么的,后来发现此类继承自OptionParser这个类,它来自于optparse模块,在OptionParser模块里有一个__init__()函数,会接受若干个参数,进行初始化,这里只是传递了3个参数,usage传递了一个字符串,version为版本,BaseCommand.option_list为一个关于命令行的元组,其中调用了make_option这个类__init__进行一些初始化,主要初始化_short_opts和_long_opts这两个参数,并且进行了一些检查。_short_opts为短命令,_long_opts为长命令,如-h,--help分别为短命令和长命令。
parser为LaxOptionParser的一个实例。 parser.parse_args(self.argv)这个函数会根据上面初始化的内容进行解析命令行参数,之后返回两个值:options,它是一个对象(,保存有命令行参数值。只要知道命令行参数名,如 file,就可以访问其对应的值: options.file 。args,它是一个由 positional arguments 组成的列表。
def handle_default_options(options):
"""
Include any default options that all commands should accept here
so that ManagementUtility can handle them before searching for
user commands.
"""
if options.settings:
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = options.settings
if options.pythonpath:
sys.path.insert(0, options.pythonpath)
handle_default_options将解析出来的options对象当做参数,判断settings和pythonpath是否存在,然后
设置环境变量和python模块的搜索路径。
接下来是获得命令行的命令参数self.argv[1],并判断这个命令,包括错误处理,是否时help,是否是version,根据不同的情况展示不同的信息。
最重要的是最后一句,即前面的情况都不是,就进入self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
def fetch_command(self, subcommand):
"""
Tries to fetch the given subcommand, printing a message with the
appropriate command called from the command line (usually
"django-admin.py" or "manage.py") if it can't be found.
"""
# Get commands outside of try block to prevent swallowing exceptions
commands = get_commands()
try:
app_name = commands[subcommand]
except KeyError:
sys.stderr.write("Unknown command: %r\nType '%s help' for usage.\n" %
(subcommand, self.prog_name))
sys.exit(1)
if isinstance(app_name, BaseCommand):
# If the command is already loaded, use it directly.
klass = app_name
else:
klass = load_command_class(app_name, subcommand)
return klass
获得django/core/management/commands目录下与INSTALLED_APPS/management/commands目录下的子命令对应的模块前缀
def load_command_class(app_name, name):
"""
Given a command name and an application name, returns the Command
class instance. All errors raised by the import process
(ImportError, AttributeError) are allowed to propagate.
"""
module = import_module('%s.management.commands.%s' % (app_name, name))
return module.Command()
返回Command类的实例。进入management/commands下进入每个文件会发现,每个都有Command类对应相应的命令。
self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)找到我们输入的命令参数,并且使用run_from_argv执行。
进入runserver这个命令下看一下,Command这个类继承了BaseCommand这个类,BaseCommand在Base.py中,里面有run_from_arv这个方法,在其他的命令里
有的重写了这个方法,不过runserver没有。
def run_from_argv(self, argv):
"""
Set up any environment changes requested (e.g., Python path
and Django settings), then run this command. If the
command raises a ``CommandError``, intercept it and print it sensibly
to stderr. If the ``--traceback`` option is present or the raised
``Exception`` is not ``CommandError``, raise it.
"""
#设置环境变量,然后运行这个命令
#如python manage.py runserver, manage.py就是argv[0],runserver是argv[1]
#create_parser直接调用OptionParser(prog=prog_name,usage=self.usage(subcommand),version=self.get_version(),option_list=self.option_list)
#将manage.py 和runserver加入参数列表
#接下来用parser.parse_args进行解析,argv[2]之后为默认参数,ip地址还有端口号,我们也可以显示的传进去,默认是127.0.0.1,端口号8000.
#下面又到了handle_default_options函数。
#接下来是执行execute函数,还有异常捕获。
parser = self.create_parser(argv[0], argv[1])
options, args = parser.parse_args(argv[2:])
handle_default_options(options)
try:
self.execute(*args, **options.__dict__)
except Exception as e:
if options.traceback or not isinstance(e, CommandError):
raise
# self.stderr is not guaranteed to be set here
stderr = getattr(self, 'stderr', OutputWrapper(sys.stderr, self.style.ERROR))
stderr.write('%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, e))
sys.exit(1)
下面进入execute函数,前边是一些设置和错误检查,最主要的是 output = self.handle(*args, **options),可以发现handle在BaseCommand里是空的,每个命令对其进行了重写。
runserver也是。看看runserver的handle:
def handle(self, addrport='', *args, **options):
#导入设置模块
from django.conf import settings
#DEBUG和ALLOWED_HOSTS的设置
if not settings.DEBUG and not settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS:
raise CommandError('You must set settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS if DEBUG is False.')
#ipv6的设置
self.use_ipv6 = options.get('use_ipv6')
if self.use_ipv6 and not socket.has_ipv6:
raise CommandError('Your Python does not support IPv6.')
if args:
raise CommandError('Usage is runserver %s' % self.args)
self._raw_ipv6 = False
if not addrport:
self.addr = ''
self.port = DEFAULT_PORT
else:
#如果设置了ip地址和端口号,用正则匹配出来
m = re.match(naiveip_re, addrport)
if m is None:
raise CommandError('"%s" is not a valid port number '
'or address:port pair.' % addrport)
self.addr, _ipv4, _ipv6, _fqdn, self.port = m.groups()
if not self.port.isdigit():
raise CommandError("%r is not a valid port number." % self.port)
if self.addr:
if _ipv6:
self.addr = self.addr[1:-1]
self.use_ipv6 = True
self._raw_ipv6 = True
elif self.use_ipv6 and not _fqdn:
raise CommandError('"%s" is not a valid IPv6 address.' % self.addr)
if not self.addr:
#如果没有设置ip地址使用127.0.0.1代替
self.addr = '::1' if self.use_ipv6 else '127.0.0.1'
self._raw_ipv6 = bool(self.use_ipv6)
#运行命令
self.run(*args, **options)
runserver里的run方法主要时调用了inner_run(*args, **options)这个方法。
def inner_run(self, *args, **options):
#省略了部分代码
#很熟悉吧,这就是我们开始运行时,终端上输出的信息啊。
self.stdout.write((
"%(started_at)s\n"
"Django version %(version)s, using settings %(settings)r\n"
"Starting development server at http://%(addr)s:%(port)s/\n"
"Quit the server with %(quit_command)s.\n"
) % {
"started_at": now,
"version": self.get_version(),
"settings": settings.SETTINGS_MODULE,
"addr": '[%s]' % self.addr if self._raw_ipv6 else self.addr,
"port": self.port,
"quit_command": quit_command,
})
#加载编码设置
translation.activate(settings.LANGUAGE_CODE)
try:
handler = self.get_handler(*args, **options)
run(self.addr, int(self.port), handler,
ipv6=self.use_ipv6, threading=threading)
#省略部分代码
def get_handler(self, *args, **options):
"""
Returns the default WSGI handler for the runner.
"""
return get_internal_wsgi_application()
get_internal__wsgi_application()和run(self.addr, int(self.port), handler,ipv6=self.use_ipv6, threading=threading)都在django.core.servers.basehttp中:
def get_internal_wsgi_application():
from django.conf import settings
#在settings模块中并没有找到WSGI_APPLICATION这个环境变量,因此app_path位空
app_path = getattr(settings, 'WSGI_APPLICATION')
if app_path is None:
return get_wsgi_application()
在django/core下wsig.py中的文件如下:就几句话
import django
from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIHandler
def get_wsgi_application():
#setup是加载log和settings.INSTALLED_APPS
django.setup()
#返回WSGIHhadler类的一个实例
return WSGIHandler()
class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
#初始化一个线程锁
initLock = Lock()
#WSGIRequest为http.HttpRequest的一个子类,
#WSGIRequest实现了wsgi规范
request_class = WSGIRequest
下面进入run方法:run(self.addr, int(self.port), handler,ipv6=self.use_ipv6, threading=threading),标准的wsgi实现:
def run(addr, port, wsgi_handler, ipv6=False, threading=False):
server_address = (addr, port)
if threading:
httpd_cls = type(str('WSGIServer'), (socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, WSGIServer), {})
else:
httpd_cls = WSGIServer
httpd = httpd_cls(server_address, WSGIRequestHandler, ipv6=ipv6)
httpd.set_app(wsgi_handler)
httpd.serve_forever()
httpd_cls(server_address, WSGIRequestHandler, ipv6=ipv6)为实例化一个WSGIServer类,最终的实例化方法在父类SocketServer中的TCPServer和BaseServer中。包括初始化线程,初始化网络句柄,像下面的__is_shut_down和__shutdown_request都是在其中初始化的
#处理一个http请求直到关闭
def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):
#__is_shut_down为一个初始化的threading.Event()的句柄,用于线程间通信
#.clear()将标识设置为false
self.__is_shut_down.clear()
try:
while not self.__shutdown_request:
#下面的函数就是一个封装好了的select函数,后面的四个为传递给select函数的参数,分别表示输入对象列表,输出对象列表,错误对象列表以及超时时间。
#返回值为三个列表,代表可写,可读,错误的事件的对象列表。
r, w, e = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [],
poll_interval)
#判断self事件是否在可读对象列表中,在就进入进行处理
if self in r:
#处理连接请求
self._handle_request_noblock()
finally:
self.__shutdown_request = False
#将标识设置为true
self.__is_shut_down.set()
#对select函数的封装
def _eintr_retry(func, *args):
"""restart a system call interrupted by EINTR"""
while True:
try:
return func(*args)
except (OSError, select.error) as e:
if e.args[0] != errno.EINTR:
raise
def _handle_request_noblock(self):
try:
#返回请求句柄,客户端地址,get_request()中调用了self.socket.accept()来实现客户端的连接
request, client_address = self.get_request()
except socket.error:
return
if self.verify_request(request, client_address):
try:
#真正的处理连接请求的地方,调用了self.finish_request(request, client_address)
self.process_request(request, client_address)
except:
self.handle_error(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""
此处的RequestHandlerClass为初始化的时候传进来的WSGIRequestHandler,实现了回调。
self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)
在WSGIRequestHandler中实现下面的初始化函数:
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
from django.conf import settings
self.admin_static_prefix = urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, 'admin/')
# We set self.path to avoid crashes in log_message() on unsupported
# requests (like "OPTIONS").
self.path = ''
self.style = color_style()
#调用父类的WSGIRequestHandler进行初始化,它的父类是simple_server.py里的WSGIRequestHandler,它里面没有__init__,继续找它的父类
#如此重复,在最终的基类中可以找到__init__方法,位于SocketServer.py中的 BaseRequestHandler类。
super(WSGIRequestHandler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def __init__(self, request, client_address, server):
self.request = request
self.client_address = client_address
self.server = server
#setup函数
self.setup()
try:
self.handle()
finally:
self.finish()
def setup(self):
pass
def handle(self):
pass
def finish(self):
pass
可以看到里面的方法并没有实现,只是给出了定义,实现都在子类中。
再回到WSGIRequestHandler类中,在simple_server.py中实现了handle函数,实现对请求的处理
def handle(self):
"""Handle a single HTTP request"""
self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline()
if not self.parse_request(): # An error code has been sent, just exit
return
#传入的参数,读,写,错误,环境变量。在其父类SimpleHandler中进行了初始化,并且打开了多线程和多进程选项
handler = ServerHandler(
self.rfile, self.wfile, self.get_stderr(), self.get_environ()
)
handler.request_handler = self # backpointer for logging
在SimpleHandler的父类BaseHandler中含实现了run方法。此处get_app()是上面的run方法中我们传进去的wsgi_handler,httpd.set_app(wsgi_handler)
handler.run(self.server.get_app())
def run(self, application):
try:
#设置环境变量
self.setup_environ()
#执行WSGIHandler(self.environ,self.start_response)
#因为类中实现了__call__方法,调用类的实例就相当于调用了__call__方法
self.result = application(self.environ, self.start_response)
self.finish_response()
except:
try:
self.handle_error()
except:
# If we get an error handling an error, just give up already!
self.close()
raise # ...and let the actual server figure it out.
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
# Set up middleware if needed. We couldn't do this earlier, because
# settings weren't available.
if self._request_middleware is None:
with self.initLock:
try:
# Check that middleware is still uninitialised.
if self._request_middleware is None:
#尝试加载中间件
self.load_middleware()
except:
# Unload whatever middleware we got
self._request_middleware = None
raise
#设置脚本路径
set_script_prefix(base.get_script_name(environ))
signals.request_started.send(sender=self.__class__)
try:
request = self.request_class(environ)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
logger.warning('Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)',
exc_info=sys.exc_info(),
extra={
'status_code': 400,
}
)
response = http.HttpResponseBadRequest()
else:
response = self.get_response(request)
response._handler_class = self.__class__
status = '%s %s' % (response.status_code, response.reason_phrase)
response_headers = [(str(k), str(v)) for k, v in response.items()]
for c in response.cookies.values():
response_headers.append((str('Set-Cookie'), str(c.output(header=''))))
start_response(force_str(status), response_headers)
return response
以上为我阅读django源码的一些心得,大体了解了django的一点原理