建造者
1:概述
建造者模式可以将一个产品的内部表象与产品的生成过程分割开来,从而可以使一个建造过程生成具有不同的内部表象的产品对象。
2:使用场景
对象性质的建造
有些情况下,一个对象会有一些重要的性质,在它们没有恰当的值之前,对象不能作为一个完整的产品使用。比如,一个电子邮件有发件人地址、收件人地址、主题、内容、附录等部分,而在最起码的收件人地址未被赋值之前,这个电子邮件不能发出。
有些情况下,一个对象的一些性质必须按照某个顺序赋值才有意义。在某个性质没有赋值之前,另一个性质则无法赋值。这些情况使得性质本身的建造涉及到复杂的商业逻辑。
这时候,此对象相当于一个有待建造的产品,而对象的这些性质相当于产品的零件,建造产品的过程就是组合零件的过程。由于组合零件的过程很复杂,因此,这些"零件"的组合过程往往被"外部化"到一个称作建造者的对象里,建造者返还给客户端的是一个全部零件都建造完毕的产品对象。
3:类图
建造者(Builder)角色:给出一个抽象接口,以规范产品对象的各个组成成分的建造。一般而言,此接口独立于应用程序的商业逻辑。模式中直接创建产品对象的是具体建造者(ConcreteBuilder)角色。具体建造者类必须实现这个接口所要求的方法:一个是建造方法,另一个是结果返还方法。
具体建造者(Concrete Builder)角色:担任这个角色的是于应用程序紧密相关的类,它们在应用程序调用下创建产品实例。这个角色主要完成的任务包括:
- 实现Builder角色提供的接口,一步一步完成创建产品实例的过程。
- 在建造过程完成后,提供产品的实例。
指导者(Director)角色:担任这个角色的类调用具体建造者角色以创建产品对象。导演者并没有产品类的具体知识,真正拥有产品类的具体知识的是具体建造者对象。
产品(Product)角色:产品便是建造中的复杂对象。
指导者角色是于客户端打交道的角色。导演者角色将客户端创建产品的请求划分为对各个零件的建造请求,再将这些请求委派给具体建造者角色。具体建造者角色是做具体建造工作的,但却不为客户端所知。
4:代码
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