37. 解数独

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。

数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：

数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）
数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/sudoku-solver
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权，非商业转载请注明出处。

回溯

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

class Solution {

    private char[][] board;

    private boolean[][] row = new boolean[9][9];

    private boolean[][] col = new boolean[9][9];

    private boolean[][][] block = new boolean[3][3][9];

    private List<int[]> spaces = new ArrayList<>();

    private boolean valid = false;

    private void solve(int index) {
        if (index == spaces.size()) {
            valid = true;
            return;
        }
        int[] space = spaces.get(index);
        for (int digit = 0; digit < 9 && !valid; digit++) {
            if (!row[space[0]][digit] && !col[space[1]][digit] && !block[space[0] / 3][space[1] / 3][digit]) {
                row[space[0]][digit] = col[space[1]][digit] = block[space[0] / 3][space[1] / 3][digit] = true;
                board[space[0]][space[1]] = (char) (digit + '0' + 1);
                solve(index + 1);
                row[space[0]][digit] = col[space[1]][digit] = block[space[0] / 3][space[1] / 3][digit] = false;
            }
        }
    }

    public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {
        if (board == null || board.length == 0 || board[0].length == 0) {
            return;
        }
        this.board = board;
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; ++j) {
                if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                    spaces.add(new int[]{i, j});
                } else {
                    int digit = board[i][j] - '0' - 1;
                    row[i][digit] = col[j][digit] = block[i / 3][j / 3][digit] = true;
                }
            }
        }
        solve(0);
    }
}

位运算优化

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

class Solution {
    private int[] line = new int[9];
    private int[] column = new int[9];
    private int[][] block = new int[3][3];
    private boolean valid = false;
    private List<int[]> spaces = new ArrayList<int[]>();

    public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; ++j) {
                if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                    spaces.add(new int[]{i, j});
                } else {
                    int digit = board[i][j] - '0' - 1;
                    flip(i, j, digit);
                }
            }
        }

        dfs(board, 0);
    }

    public void dfs(char[][] board, int pos) {
        if (pos == spaces.size()) {
            valid = true;
            return;
        }

        int[] space = spaces.get(pos);
        int i = space[0], j = space[1];
        int mask = ~(line[i] | column[j] | block[i / 3][j / 3]) & 0x1ff;
        for (; mask != 0 && !valid; mask &= (mask - 1)) {
            int digitMask = mask & (-mask);
            int digit = Integer.bitCount(digitMask - 1);
            flip(i, j, digit);
            board[i][j] = (char) (digit + '0' + 1);
            dfs(board, pos + 1);
            flip(i, j, digit);
        }
    }

    public void flip(int i, int j, int digit) {
        line[i] ^= (1 << digit);
        column[j] ^= (1 << digit);
        block[i / 3][j / 3] ^= (1 << digit);
    }
}

枚举优化

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

class Solution {
    private int[] line = new int[9];
    private int[] column = new int[9];
    private int[][] block = new int[3][3];
    private boolean valid = false;
    private List<int[]> spaces = new ArrayList<int[]>();

    public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; ++j) {
                if (board[i][j] != '.') {
                    int digit = board[i][j] - '0' - 1;
                    flip(i, j, digit);
                }
            }
        }

        while (true) {
            boolean modified = false;
            for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0; j < 9; ++j) {
                    if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                        int mask = ~(line[i] | column[j] | block[i / 3][j / 3]) & 0x1ff;
                        if ((mask & (mask - 1)) == 0) {
                            int digit = Integer.bitCount(mask - 1);
                            flip(i, j, digit);
                            board[i][j] = (char) (digit + '0' + 1);
                            modified = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!modified) {
                break;
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; ++j) {
                if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                    spaces.add(new int[]{i, j});
                }
            }
        }

        dfs(board, 0);
    }

    public void dfs(char[][] board, int pos) {
        if (pos == spaces.size()) {
            valid = true;
            return;
        }

        int[] space = spaces.get(pos);
        int i = space[0], j = space[1];
        int mask = ~(line[i] | column[j] | block[i / 3][j / 3]) & 0x1ff;
        for (; mask != 0 && !valid; mask &= (mask - 1)) {
            int digitMask = mask & (-mask);
            int digit = Integer.bitCount(digitMask - 1);
            flip(i, j, digit);
            board[i][j] = (char) (digit + '0' + 1);
            dfs(board, pos + 1);
            flip(i, j, digit);
        }
    }

    public void flip(int i, int j, int digit) {
        line[i] ^= (1 << digit);
        column[j] ^= (1 << digit);
        block[i / 3][j / 3] ^= (1 << digit);
    }
}