指针系统学习4-字符串与指针

1.字符串与指针

(1) 用字符数组存放一个字符串,然后输出该字符串。

  例题一:定义一个字符数组,对它初始化,然后输出该字符串。

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
      char string[] = "I love Fishc.com!";
      
      printf("%s\n", string);
}

 (2) 用字符指针指向一个字符串

  例题二:可以不定义字符数组,而定义一个字符指针。用字符指针指向字符串中的字符。

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
      char *string = "I love Fishc.com!";
      
      printf("%s\n", string);
}

 

2.字符串中字符的存取方法

对字符串中字符的存取,可以用下标方法,也可以用指针方法!

  1. 下标法举例:将字符串a复制为字符串b
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void main()
    {
          char a[] = "Fishc.com is a good web site!", b[40];
          int i;
          
          for(i=0; *(a+i) != '\0'; i++)
          {
                *(b+i) = *(a+i);
          }
          *(b+i) = '\0';
    
          printf("String a is: %s\n", a);
          printf("String b is: ");
          for(i=0; b[i] != '\0'; i++)
          {
                printf("%c", b[i]);
          }
          
          printf("\n\n");
    }
    View Code
  2. 指针方法举例:将字符串a复制为字符串b
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void main()
    {
          char a[] = "Fishc.com is a good web site!", b[40], *p1, *p2;
          int i;
          
          p1 = a;
          p2 = b;
          
          for( ; *p1 != '\0'; p1++, p2++)
          {
                *p2 = *p1;
          }
          *p2 = '\0';
    
          printf("String a is: %s\n", a);
          printf("String b is: ");
          for(i=0; b[i] != '\0'; i++)
          {
                printf("%c", b[i]);
          }
    
          printf("\n");
    }
    View Code

 

例题:用函数调用实现字符串的复制

  1. 用字符数组作参数
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void  copy_string(char from[], char to[]);
    
          char a[] = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
          
          printf("string a = %s\nstring b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n ");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
          
          printf("\nstring a = %s\nstring b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string(char from[], char to[])
    {
          int i = 0;
    
          while( from[i] != '\0' )
          {
                to[i] = from[i];
                i++;
          }
          to[i] = '\0';
    }
    View Code
  2. 形参用字符指针变量
     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 
     3 void  main()
     4 {
     5       void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
     6 
     7       char *a = "I am a teacher.";
     8       char *b = "You are a student.";//此处应该定义为char b[] = "You are a student.";
     9       //错误原因是b的内容为常量,*b只是对地址进行偏移,而不能覆盖
    10       
    11       printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    12       printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    13 
    14       copy_string(a, b);
    15  
    16       printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    17 }
    18 
    19 void  copy_string( char *from, char *to )
    20 {
    21       for( ; *from != '\0'; from++,to++)
    22       {
    23             *to = *from;
    24       }
    25 
    26       *to = '\0';
    27 }
    28 
    29 //丫的,内存出错了,该内存不能被写,为什么? WHY??见第8,9行
    View Code

    具体解释:五大内存分区
    在C++中,内存分成5个区,他们分别是堆、栈、自由存储区、全局/静态存储区和常量存储区。
    栈,就是那些由编译器在需要的时候分配,在不需要的时候自动清除的变量的存储区。里面的变量通常是局部变量、函数参数等。
    堆,就是那些由new分配的内存块,他们的释放编译器不去管,由我们的应用程序去控制,一般一个new就要对应一个delete。如果程序员没有释放掉,那么在程序结束后,操作系统会自动回收。
    自由存储区,就是那些由malloc等分配的内存块,他和堆是十分相似的,不过它是用free来结束自己的生命的。
    全局/静态存储区,全局变量和静态变量被分配到同一块内存中,在以前的C语言中,全局变量又分为初始化的和未初始化的,在C++里面没有这个区分了,他们共同占用同一块内存区。
    常量存储区,这是一块比较特殊的存储区,他们里面存放的是常量,不允许修改(当然,你要通过非正当手段也可以修改,而且方法很多,在《const的思考》一文中,我给出了6种方法) 

 

优化:对 copy_string 函数还可作简化

  • 方法一:
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
    
          char *a = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
    
          printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
     
          printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string( char *from, char *to )
    {
          while( (*to = *from) != '\0' )
          {
                to++;
                from++;
          }
    }
    View Code
  • 方法二:
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
    
          char *a = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
    
          printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
     
          printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string( char *from, char *to )
    {
          while( (*to++ = *from++) != '\0')//指针运算符优先级高于++
          {
                ;
          }
    }
    View Code
  • 方法三:
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
    
          char *a = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
    
          printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
     
          printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string( char *from, char *to )
    {
          while( *from != '\0' )
          {
                *to++ = *from++;
          }
          *to = '\0';
    }
    View Code
  • 方法四:
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
    
          char *a = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
    
          printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
     
          printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string( char *from, char *to )
    {
          while( *to++ = *from++ )
          {
                ;    // '\0' == 0
          }
    }
    View Code
  • 方法五:
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
    
          char *a = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
    
          printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
     
          printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string( char *from, char *to )
    {
          for( ; *to++ = *from++; )
          {
                ;
          }
    }
    View Code
  • 方法六:
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    void  main()
    {
          void copy_string( char *from, char *to );
    
          char *a = "I am a teacher.";
          char b[] = "You are a student.";
    
          printf("String a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
          printf("copy string a to string b:\n");
    
          copy_string(a, b);
     
          printf("\nString a = %s\nString b = %s\n", a, b);
    }
    
    void  copy_string( char from[], char to[] )
    {
          char *p1, *p2;
          
          p1 = from;
          p2 = to;
    
          while( (*p2++ = *p1++) != '\0' )
          {
                ;
          }
    }
    View Code

     

 

posted @ 2018-11-30 20:53  耐烦不急  阅读(218)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报