JAVA类与对象
Employee类:
public class EmployeeTest { public static void main(String[] args) { // fill the staff array with three Employee objects Employee[] staff = new Employee[3]; staff[0] = new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000, 1987, 12, 15); staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1); staff[2] = new Employee("Tony Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15); // raise everyone's salary by 5% for (Employee e : staff) e.raiseSalary(5); // print out information about all Employee objects for (Employee e : staff) System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary() + ",hireDay=" + e.getHireDay()); } } class Employee { public Employee(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day) { name = n; salary = s; GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day); // GregorianCalendar uses 0 for January hireDay = calendar.getTime(); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public Date getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } private String name; private double salary; private Date hireDay; }
对象变量是一个引用
例如:Employee zhangsan = new Employee("zhangsan",2000,2009,2,1);
其中new Employee建立了一个对象,但是new操作符返回对该对象的引用,并赋值给zhangsan变量,所以zhangsan仅为对象的引用,
而在Employee zhangsan2 = zhangsan中,将zhangsan引用赋值给zhangsan2,此时zhangsan和zhangsan2都将引用同一个对象。
对象变量可以初始化为null,例如Employee zhangsan = null;
在一个源文件中,只允许有一个公有类,但可以有任意数目的非公有类
例如EmployeeTest类即公有类,Employee 为非公有类
注意不要编写返回引用可变对象的方法
在函数getHireDay中,返回的是Date类对象的引用,这样会破坏封装性,例如下面的代码:
Employee harry = new harry("Harry",2000,1990,10,12); Date date = harry.getHireDay(); double tenYearInMilliSeconds = 10 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 *1000; d.setTime(d.getTime() - (long)tenYearInMilliSeconds);
出错的原因很简单,就是因为d和harry.hireDay引用同一个Date对象,对d调用setTime方法,就可以任意修改雇员对象的私有状态,如果需要返回一个可变对象的引用,应该首先对它进行克隆,即建立一个对象副本,修改代码如下:
public Date getHireDay() { return (Date) hireDay.clone(); }
每个类成员方法都有一个隐式参数,即调用该方法的对象,关键字this表示隐式参数
例如可以这样编写raiseSalary方法:
public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = this.salary * byPercent / 100; this.salary += raise; }
java的所有方法都需要在类内部定义,但并不是在类内部就代表内联方法,是否将某个方法设置为内联方法是java虚拟机的任务