[译文]C# Heap(ing) Vs Stack(ing) in .NET: Part III

原文地址:http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/rmcochran/chsarp_memory401152006094206AM/chsarp_memory4.aspx

 

A Copy Is Not A Copy

为了清楚的说明这个问题,我们来校验以下两种情形将会发生什么情况:位于堆里面的一个值类型和位于堆里面的一个引用类型。我们先看值类型。看下面的class和struct。我们有一个Dude类,该类包含一个Name元素和两个Shoe(s)。同时,添加一个CopyDude()方法来更加方便的new Dudes.

 

          public struct Shoe{

               public string Color;
           } 

           public class Dude

           {
                public string Name;

                public Shoe RightShoe;

                public Shoe LeftShoe;
 
                public Dude CopyDude()

                {

                    Dude newPerson = new Dude();

                     newPerson.Name = Name;

                     newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe;

                     newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe;

                     return newPerson;

                }

                public override string ToString()

                {

                     return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color  +

                         " shoe on my right foot, and a " +

                          LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot.");

                }
           }
 
我们的Dude是一个引用类型,但是Shoe是一个结构体,属于值类型,在堆栈上的反应是这样的:
 
当我们执行以下方法的时候:
           public static void Main()

           {

               Class1 pgm = new Class1();

 

                  Dude Bill = new Dude();

                  Bill.Name = "Bill";

                  Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();

                  Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();

                  Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

 

                  Dude Ted =  Bill.CopyDude();

                  Ted.Name = "Ted";

                  Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

 

                  Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());

                  Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());            

           }

 

我们得到了预期的结果:

 

Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot.
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot.

 

如果我们把Shoe改成引用类型,会是怎样一种情况呢?问题就在于此。我们将Shoe改成引用类型(class):

 

public class Shoe{

               public string Color;
           }

 

让后再次执行Main()方法,我们得到的结果是:

 

Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

 

注意到红色部分,这显然是一个错误。这是我们在堆里面得到的结果:

 

由于我们现在使用Shoe作为引用类型而不是值类型,而,当我们拷贝引用类型的内容时,我们只是拷贝了指针。我们必须做一些额外的工作,让我们的引用类型看起来更像是值类型。

 

幸运的是,我们有一个接口可以帮助我们解决这个问题:ICloneable。这个接口是所有的Dudes都遵守的契约,并且定义了一个应用类型是如何复制的,以防止我们的”共享鞋(shoe sharing)”的错误。所有的类要能被clone,都需要实现ICloneable接口,我们的Shoe也不例外。

 

ICloneable包含一个方法:Clone():

 

public object Clone()

                  {

                  }

 

我们将Shoe类改成如下:

             public class Shoe : ICloneable

             {

                  public string Color;

                  #region ICloneable Members
                  public object Clone()

                  {

                      Shoe newShoe = new Shoe();

                      newShoe.Color = Color.Clone() as string;

                      return newShoe;

                  }
                  #endregion
             }

 

 

在Clone方法中,我们只是new了一个Shoe,克隆了所有的引用类型和拷贝了所有的值类型,然后返回一个新的object。也许你已经注意到了,string已经实现了ICloneable,因此我们可以直接调用Color.Clone()。由于Clone()方法是返回引用类型的,因此,在我们设定shoe的color之前我们必须重新设定引用的类型(retype the reference).

 

下一步,在我们的CopyDude()方法中,我们需要克隆shoes而不是拷贝他们:

 

                public Dude CopyDude()

                {

                    Dude newPerson = new Dude();

                     newPerson.Name = Name;

                     newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

                     newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

                     return newPerson;
                }

 

 

现在,当我们运行Main()方法:

 

           public static void Main()

           {

               Class1 pgm = new Class1();

                  Dude Bill = new Dude();

                  Bill.Name = "Bill";

                  Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();

                  Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();

                  Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

                  Dude Ted =  Bill.CopyDude();

                  Ted.Name = "Ted";

                  Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

 
                  Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());

                  Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());            
           }

 

我们得到的结果:

Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot

 

这正是我们需要的:

 

将东西包装起来(Wrapping Things Up)

 

作为通常的情况,我们总是想要克隆引用类型和拷贝值类型。(这将减少你为了防止头疼而不得不买的阿司匹林,当你调试这些错误的时候)

 

为了减少令人头痛的事,让我们更进一步,来整理Dude类,使它是想ICloneable,而不是使用CopyDude()方法。

           public class Dude: ICloneable

           {

                public string Name;

                public Shoe RightShoe;

                public Shoe LeftShoe;


                public override string ToString()

                {

                     return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color  +

                         " shoe on my right foot, and a " +

                          LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot.");

                    }

                  #region ICloneable Members

 

                  public object Clone()

                  {

                       Dude newPerson = new Dude();

                       newPerson.Name = Name.Clone() as string;

                       newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

                       newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe;

                       return newPerson;

                  }

                  #endregion
             }

 

我们也需要修改Main()方法来使用Dude.Clone():

 

           public static void Main()

           {

               Class1 pgm = new Class1();

 

                  Dude Bill = new Dude();

                  Bill.Name = "Bill";

                  Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe();

                  Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe();

                  Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue";

 

                  Dude Ted =  Bill.Clone() as Dude;

                  Ted.Name = "Ted";

                  Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red";

 

                  Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString());

                  Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString());            
           }

 

我们最后的输出是:

Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot.
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot.

 

一切都正常。

 

一些值得注意的有趣的事是System.String的赋值操作(=操作符)事实上克隆了string,所以你不必担心重复的引用。然而,你需要注意防止内存膨胀。如果你看了上面的图标,由于string是一个引用类型,它需要指向堆里的另外一个对象,但为了简单,它显示成一个值类型。

 

总结:

通常的,如果我们有打算拷贝我们的对象,我们需要实现ICloneable。这样可以使我们的引用类型在行为上看起来有点像值类型。正如你所看到的,记录我们正在处理的是那种类型变量是很重要的,因为值类型和引用类型在分配内存时是不一样的。

 

待续…

posted @ 2012-05-17 23:52  Xiao Tian  阅读(254)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报