C++中map的概念,与简单操作
map<Key, Data, Compare, Alloc>
map是一种关联容器,存储相结合形成的一个关键值和映射值的元素。Map 是一种Pair Associative Container,意味着它的值类型为 pair<const Key, Data>. 而且也是 Unique Associative Container, 也就是任何两个元素没有相同的key值。
map具有重要的属性,就是在map对象中插入一个新元素不指向现有元素的迭代器失效。从map上删除一个元素,也没有任何迭代器失效,除非,当然,实际上指向正在被删除的元素的迭代器。
1、例子
- struct ltstr
- {
- bool operator()(const char* s1, const char* s2) const
- {
- return strcmp(s1, s2) < 0;
- }
- };
- int main()
- {
- map<const char*, int, ltstr> months;
- months["january"] = 31;
- months["february"] = 28;
- months["march"] = 31;
- months["april"] = 30;
- months["may"] = 31;
- months["june"] = 30;
- months["july"] = 31;
- months["august"] = 31;
- months["september"] = 30;
- months["october"] = 31;
- months["november"] = 30;
- months["december"] = 31;
- cout << "june -> " << months["june"] << endl;
- map<const char*, int, ltstr>::iterator cur = months.find("june");
- map<const char*, int, ltstr>::iterator prev = cur;
- map<const char*, int, ltstr>::iterator next = cur;
- ++next;
- --prev;
- cout << "Previous (in alphabetical order) is " << (*prev).first << endl;
- cout << "Next (in alphabetical order) is " << (*next).first << endl;
- }
2、定义形式
- template < class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
- class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key,T> > > class map;
3、模板参数具有以下涵义:
key:关键值的类型。在map对象中的每个元素是通过该关键值唯一确定元素的。
T:映射值的类型。在map中的每个元素是用来储存一些数据作为其映射值。
compare:Comparison类:A类键的类型,它有两个参数,并返回一个bool。表达comp(A,B),comp是这比较类A和B是关键值的对象,应返回true,如果是在早先的立场比B放置在一个严格弱排序操作。这可以是一个类实现一个函数调用运算符或一个函数的指针(见一个例子构造)。默认的对于<KEY>,返回申请小于操作符相同的默认值(A <B)。
Map对象使用这个表达式来确定在容器中元素的位置。以下这个规则在任何时候都排列在map容器中的所有元素。
Allocator:用于定义存储分配模型分配器对象的类型。默认情况下,分配器类模板,它定义了最简单的内存分配模式,是值独立的
- map<Key,T>::iterator it;
- (*it).first; // 指向key值(of type Key)
- (*it).second; // 映射的值(of type T)
- (*it); // the "element value" (of type pair<const Key,T>) //看到此处懵逼啊有木有!!(*it)到底该如何表述,查CPLUSPLUS pair 如下:
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- class template
-
<utility>
-
std::pair
-
template <class T1, class T2> struct pair;Pair of valuesThis class couples together a pair of values, which may be of different types (T1 and T2). The individual values can be accessed through its public members first and second. 是一对值
Pairs are a particular case of tuple. pairs是一特定的元祖,然后我搜了tuple, -
class template<tuple>
std::tuple
template <class... Types> class tuple;
TupleA tuple is an object capable to hold a collection of elements. Each element can be of a different type. tuple是一个能够容纳元素集合的obiect。每个元素可以是不同的类型。 - it本身是迭代器, (*it)默认指迭代器内部第一个键值对(tuple元组) //尼玛,看半天才知道此处专业叫法是迭代器里边的‘解引用操作符’,指向其内部元素!!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
也可以如下表达:
- it->first; // same as (*it).first (the key value)
- it->second; // same as (*it).second (the mapped value)
4、成员变量和成员函数
Member | Where defined | Description |
---|---|---|
key_type | Associative Container | map中的key类型 |
data_type | Pair Associative Container | key关联的值类型 |
value_type | Pair Associative Container | 对象类型, pair<const key_type, data_type>,存储在map中 |
key_compare | Sorted Associative Container | Function object 通过顺序比较 |
value_compare | Sorted Associative Container | Function object that compares two values for ordering. |
pointer | Container | Pointer to T. |
reference | Container | Reference to T |
const_reference | Container | Const reference to T |
size_type | Container | An unsigned integral type. |
difference_type | Container | A signed integral type. |
iterator | Container | Iterator used to iterate through a map. [1] |
const_iterator | Container | Const iterator used to iterate through a map. |
reverse_iterator | Reversible Container | Iterator used to iterate backwards through a map.[1] |
const_reverse_iterator | Reversible Container | Const iterator used to iterate backwards through amap. |
iterator begin() | Container | Returns an iterator pointing to the beginning of the map. |
iterator end() | Container | Returns an iterator pointing to the end of the map. |
const_iterator begin() const | Container | Returns a const_iterator pointing to the beginning of themap. |
const_iterator end() const | Container | Returns a const_iterator pointing to the end of the map. |
reverse_iterator rbegin() | Reversible Container | Returns a reverse_iterator pointing to the beginning of the reversed map. |
reverse_iterator rend() | Reversible Container | Returns a reverse_iterator pointing to the end of the reversed map. |
const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const | Reversible Container | Returns a const_reverse_iterator pointing to the beginning of the reversed map. |
const_reverse_iterator rend() const | Reversible Container | Returns a const_reverse_iterator pointing to the end of the reversed map. |
size_type size() const | Container | Returns the size of the map. |
size_type max_size() const | Container | Returns the largest possible size of the map. |
bool empty() const | Container | true if the map's size is 0. |
key_compare key_comp() const | Sorted Associative Container | Returns the key_compare object used by the map. |
value_compare value_comp() const | Sorted Associative Container | Returns the value_compare object used by the map. |
map() | Container | Creates an empty map. |
map(const key_compare& comp) | Sorted Associative Container | Creates an empty map, using comp as thekey_compare object. |
template <class InputIterator>
map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l)
|
Unique Sorted Associative Container | Creates a map with a copy of a range. |
template <class InputIterator>
map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
const key_compare& comp)
|
Unique Sorted Associative Container | Creates a map with a copy of a range, using compas thekey_compare object. |
map(const map&) | Container | The copy constructor. |
map& operator=(const map&) | Container | The assignment operator |
void swap(map&) | Container | Swaps the contents of two maps. |
pair<iterator, bool>
insert(const value_type& x)
|
Unique Associative Container | Inserts x into the map. |
iterator insert(iterator pos,
const value_type& x)
|
Unique Sorted Associative Container | Inserts x into the map, using pos as a hint to where it will be inserted. |
template <class InputIterator>
void insert(InputIterator, InputIterator)
[2]
|
Unique Sorted Associative Container | Inserts a range into the map. |
void erase(iterator pos) | Associative Container | Erases the element pointed to by pos. |
size_type erase(const key_type& k) | Associative Container | Erases the element whose key is k. |
void erase(iterator first, iterator last) | Associative Container | Erases all elements in a range. |
void clear() | Associative Container | Erases all of the elements. |
iterator find(const key_type& k) | Associative Container | Finds an element whose key is k. |
const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const | Associative Container | Finds an element whose key is k. |
size_type count(const key_type& k) | Unique Associative Container | Counts the number of elements whose key is k. |
iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) | Sorted Associative Container | Finds the first element whose key is not less thank. |
const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const | Sorted Associative Container | Finds the first element whose key is not less thank. |
iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) | Sorted Associative Container | Finds the first element whose key greater than k. |
const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const | Sorted Associative Container | Finds the first element whose key greater than k. |
pair<iterator, iterator>
equal_range(const key_type& k)
|
Sorted Associative Container | Finds a range containing all elements whose key isk. |
pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
equal_range(const key_type& k) const
|
Sorted Associative Container | Finds a range containing all elements whose key isk. |
data_type&
operator[](const key_type& k) [3]
|
map | See below. |
bool operator==(const map&,
const map&)
|
Forward Container | Tests two maps for equality. This is a global function, not a member function. |
bool operator<(const map&,
const map&)
|
Forward Container | Lexicographical comparison. This is a global function, not a member function. |
- 下面展示了常用的一些方法。<p>// stu_map.cpp : 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
- //
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <map>
- using namespace std;
- bool fncomp(char lhs,char rhs)
- {
- return lhs<rhs;
- }
- struct classcomp
- {
- bool operator()(const char& lhs,const char& rhs)
- {
- return lhs<rhs;
- }
- };
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- map<char,int> mymap;
- mymap['a']=10;
- mymap['b']=60;
- mymap['c']=30;
- mymap['d']=90;
- mymap['e']=50;
- map<char,int> second(mymap);
- map<char,int> third(mymap.begin(),mymap.end());
- map<char,int,classcomp> fourth;
- bool(*fn_pt)(char,char)=fncomp;
- map<char,int,bool(*)(char,char)> fifth(fn_pt);
- map<char,int>::key_compare key_comp;
- map<char,int>::iterator it;
- it=mymap.begin();
- for (it;it!=mymap.end();it++)
- {
- cout<<it->first<<":"<<it->second<<endl;
- }
- cout<<"================================="<<endl;
- second.clear();
- second['a']=1002;
- second['b']=10023;
- while (!second.empty())
- {
- cout << second.begin()->first << " => ";
- cout << second.begin()->second << endl;
- second.erase(second.begin());
- }
- cout<<"================================="<<endl;
- mymap.insert(pair<char,int>('f',100) );
- mymap.insert(pair<char,int>('g',200) );
- cout<<"f => " <<mymap.find('f')->second<<endl;
- cout<<"g => " <<mymap.find('g')->second<<endl;
- cout<<"================================="<<endl;
- key_comp=mymap.key_comp();
- cout << "mymap contains:\n";
- char highest=mymap.rbegin()->first; // key value of last element
- it=mymap.begin();
- do {
- cout << (*it).first << " => " << (*it).second << endl;
- } while ( key_comp((*it++).first, highest) );
- cout << endl;
- return 0;
- }
- </p>
运行结果: