决策树

决策树对实例进行分类的树形结构,由节点和有向边组成。其实很像平时画的流程图。

学习决策树之前要搞懂几个概念:

熵:表示随机变量不确定性的度量,定义:H(p)=-

信息增益:集合D的经验熵与特征A条件下D的经验条件熵H(D/A)之差(公式省略,自行查找)

信息增益比:信息增益g(D,A)与训练数据集D关于特征A的值得熵HA(D)之比(公式省略)

基尼系数:(公式省略)

以上几个公式要牢记并学会推到。

具体计算过程:

ID3算法:寻找信息增益最大的特征

C4.5 寻找信息增益比最大的特征

另外有CART树算法,使用基尼系数来确定特征选择部分。

树的剪枝分为前剪枝和后剪枝。目的为防止过拟合。

前剪枝即为在树的构建过程中,若新增加的分支未使得准确率增加,则不进行该分支操作。

后剪枝即构建完决策树之后,从最底部的分支开始,若去掉该分支,分类准确性增加,则去掉该分支,否则保留。

def chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet):#关键部分代码为寻找最优特征,寻找使得信息增益最大的特征
    numFeatures = len(dataSet[0]) - 1  # the last column is used for the labels
    baseEntropy = calcShannonEnt(dataSet)
    bestInfoGain = 0.0;
    bestFeature = -1
    for i in range(numFeatures):  # iterate over all the features
        featList = [example[i] for example in dataSet]  # create a list of all the examples of this feature
        uniqueVals = set(featList)  # get a set of unique values
        newEntropy = 0.0
        for value in uniqueVals:
            subDataSet = splitDataSet(dataSet, i, value)
            prob = len(subDataSet) / float(len(dataSet))
            newEntropy += prob * calcShannonEnt(subDataSet)
        infoGain = baseEntropy - newEntropy  # calculate the info gain; ie reduction in entropy
        if (infoGain > bestInfoGain):  # compare this to the best gain so far
            bestInfoGain = infoGain  # if better than current best, set to best
            bestFeature = i
    return bestFeature  # returns an integer

 

def createTree(dataSet, labels): #构建决策树,寻找最优特征,做为根节点,之后根据特征分为几类,进行递归,最终形成完整决策树
    classList = [example[-1] for example in dataSet]
    if classList.count(classList[0]) == len(classList):
        return classList[0]  # stop splitting when all of the classes are equal
    if len(dataSet[0]) == 1:  # stop splitting when there are no more features in dataSet
        return majorityCnt(classList)
    bestFeat = chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet)
    bestFeatLabel = labels[bestFeat]
    myTree = {bestFeatLabel: {}}
    del (labels[bestFeat])
    featValues = [example[bestFeat] for example in dataSet]
    uniqueVals = set(featValues)
    for value in uniqueVals:
        subLabels = labels[:]  # copy all of labels, so trees don't mess up existing labels
        myTree[bestFeatLabel][value] = createTree(splitDataSet(dataSet, bestFeat, value), subLabels)
    return myTree

  

 对应SKlearn中的API接口:

DecisionTreeClassifier 分类,注意此方法只有前剪枝选项。

DecisionTreeRegressor   回归。

 

posted @ 2018-06-12 18:03  涨涨涨123  阅读(155)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报