python网页爬虫
1. 静态页面爬取
这类最简单啦,右键->查看页面源码时,想下载的信息都能够显示在这里,这时只需要直接down页面源码,代码如下:
# Simple open web import urllib2 print urllib2.urlopen('http://stockrt.github.com').read() # With password? import urllib opener = urllib.FancyURLopener() print opener.open('http://user:password@stockrt.github.com').read()
2. 滑动鼠标动态加载内容
有些页面在打开时不会完全显示,而是通过滑动鼠标动态加载。对于这类页面的爬虫,需要找到触发动态加载的url,通常方法为:右键->审查元素->Network
寻找滑动鼠标时触发的事件,分析每次滑动鼠标时url中变化的参数,在代码中拼接出对应的url即可。
3. 使用 mechanize 模拟浏览器访问网页
有时会发现上述方法不灵,即down的东西与页面内容不一致,会发现内容少了很多,这时就需要浏览器伪装,模拟浏览器动作,在命令行或者python脚本中实例化一个浏览器。代码网页连接。
模拟浏览器:
import mechanize import cookielib # Browser br = mechanize.Browser() # Cookie Jar cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar() br.set_cookiejar(cj) # Browser options br.set_handle_equiv(True) br.set_handle_gzip(True) br.set_handle_redirect(True) br.set_handle_referer(True) br.set_handle_robots(False) # Follows refresh 0 but not hangs on refresh > 0 br.set_handle_refresh(mechanize._http.HTTPRefreshProcessor(), max_time=1) # Want debugging messages? #br.set_debug_http(True) #br.set_debug_redirects(True) #br.set_debug_responses(True) # User-Agent (this is cheating, ok?) br.addheaders = [('User-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.1) Gecko/2008071615 Fedora/3.0.1-1.fc9 Firefox/3.0.1')]
现在你得到了一个浏览器的示例,br对象。使用这个对象,便可以打开一个页面,使用类似如下的代码:
# Open some site, let's pick a random one, the first that pops in mind: r = br.open('http://google.com') html = r.read() # Show the source print html # or print br.response().read() # Show the html title print br.title() # Show the response headers print r.info() # or print br.response().info() # Show the available forms for f in br.forms(): print f # Select the first (index zero) form br.select_form(nr=0) # Let's search br.form['q']='weekend codes' br.submit() print br.response().read() # Looking at some results in link format for l in br.links(url_regex='stockrt'): print l
如果你访问的网站需要验证(http basic auth),那么:
# If the protected site didn't receive the authentication data you would # end up with a 410 error in your face br.add_password('http://safe-site.domain', 'username', 'password') br.open('http://safe-site.domain')
由于之前使用了Cookie Jar,你不需要管理网站的登录session。也就是不需要管理需要POST一个用户名和密码的情况。
通常这种情况,网站会请求你的浏览器去存储一个session cookie除非你重复登陆,
而导致你的cookie中含有这个字段。所有这些事情,存储和重发这个session cookie已经被Cookie Jar搞定了,爽吧。
同时,你可以管理你的浏览器历史:
# Testing presence of link (if the link is not found you would have to # handle a LinkNotFoundError exception) br.find_link(text='Weekend codes') # Actually clicking the link req = br.click_link(text='Weekend codes') br.open(req) print br.response().read() print br.geturl() # Back br.back() print br.response().read() print br.geturl()
下载一个文件:
# Download f = br.retrieve('http://www.google.com.br/intl/pt-BR_br/images/logo.gif')[0] print f fh = open(f)
为http设置代理
# Proxy and user/password br.set_proxies({"http": "joe:password@myproxy.example.com:3128"}) # Proxy br.set_proxies({"http": "myproxy.example.com:3128"}) # Proxy password br.add_proxy_password("joe", "password")