Anaconda使用

Anaconda官网：https://www.continuum.io/
Anaconda 提供一个管理工具 conda ，可以把 conda 看作是 pip + virtualenv +PVM (Python Version Manager) + 一些必要的底层库，也就是一个更完整也更大的集成管理工具。

1. 下载、安装 Anaconda

如果只想用 conda ，可以下载简化版的 Miniconda ，需要 Anaconda 可以安装完全版，一共大概 400 M，用阿里云服务器从官方网站下载大概要 6 个小时…不过还好清华大学 TUNA 镜像源 提供了镜像：

# 下载时要看清楚 Anaconda3 还是 2，对应的是 Python 3.5 和 2.7
wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/Anaconda3-2.5.0-Linux-x86_64.sh
bash Anaconda3-2.5.0-Linux-x86_64.sh

设定安装目录 /home/rainy/.anaconda3 并一路确认，会在 ~/.bashrc 添加环境变量，因为我用的是 zsh ，所以需要在 ~/.zshrc 添加：

# added by Anaconda3 2.5.0 installer
export PATH="/home/rainy/.anaconda3/bin:$PATH"

conda --version
# conda 3.19.1

2. 创建（clone）新的环境

conda env list
# conda environments:
#
root                  *  /home/rainy/.anaconda3

conda create --name nb --clone root

conda env list
# conda environments:
#
nb                       /home/rainy/.anaconda3/envs/nb
root                  *  /home/rainy/.anaconda3

切换环境：

source activate nb
# discarding /home/rainy/.anaconda3/bin from PATH
# prepending /home/rainy/.anaconda3/envs/nb/bin to PATH

此时变成 (nb) $ ，和 virtualenv 一样，只是在退出时不太一样：

which python
/home/rainy/.anaconda3/envs/nb/bin/python
source deactivate
discarding /home/rainy/.anaconda3/envs/nb/bin from PATH

需要重新打开新的窗口才能再切换。现在查看已安装的 package 列表：

source active nb
conda list
# packages in environment at /home/rainy/.anaconda3/envs/nb:
#
abstract-rendering        0.5.1               np110py35_0
alabaster                 0.7.7                    py35_0
anaconda                  2.5.0               np110py35_0
anaconda-client           1.2.2                    py35_0
argcomplete               1.0.0                    py35_1
astropy                   1.1.1               np110py35_0
...

3. 下载安装package

Anaconda作为一个工具包集成管理工具，下载python工具包是很方便的，直接敲：

conda install package_name

但是有时候安装一个工具包（如xmltodict）的时候，在当前的channels中找不到这个包，会提示：

[root@master sbin]$ conda install xmltodict
Fetching package metadata .......
Solving package specifications: .
PackageNotFoundError: Package not found: '' Package missing in current linux-64 channels: 
  - xmltodict

You can search for packages on anaconda.org with

    anaconda search -t conda xmltodict

然后你按照提示在anaconda.org中找工具包，

[root@master sbin]$ anaconda search -t conda xmltodict
Using Anaconda API: https://api.anaconda.org
Run 'anaconda show <USER/PACKAGE>' to get more details:
Packages:
     Name                      |  Version | Package Types   | Platforms      
     ------------------------- |   ------ | --------------- | ---------------
     PinguCarsti/xmltodict     |    0.8.3 | conda           | linux-64, osx-64
     abgreenwell/xmltodict     |    0.8.3 | conda           | win-64         
     asmeurer/xmltodict        |    0.8.3 | conda           | osx-64         
                                          : https://github.com/martinblech/xmltodict
     auto/xmltodict            |    0.8.6 | conda           | linux-64, linux-32, osx-64
                                          : https://github.com/martinblech/xmltodict
     bioconda/xmltodict        |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64, osx-64
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     conda-forge/xmltodict     |   0.10.2 | conda           | linux-64, win-32, win-64, osx-64
     dan_blanchard/xmltodict   |    0.8.3 | conda           | linux-64       
                                          : https://github.com/martinblech/xmltodict
     davidbgonzalez/xmltodict  |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64, osx-64
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     derickl/xmltodict         |   0.10.2 | conda           | osx-64         
     dimazest/xmltodict        |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64, osx-64
     equipoise/xmltodict       |    0.9.2 | conda           | win-64, osx-64 
     hargup/xmltodict          |          | conda           | None-None, linux-64
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     indico/xmltodict          |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64       
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     jacksongs/xmltodict       |   0.10.2 | conda           | osx-64         
     kabaka0/xmltodict         |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64       
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     luzazul45/xmltodict       |    0.9.2 | conda           | win-64         
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     mathieu/xmltodict         |   0.10.1 | conda           | osx-64         
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     mh00h/xmltodict           |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64       
                                          : Makes working with XML feel like you are working with JSON
     moustik/xmltodict         |    0.9.2 | conda           | linux-64       
     russellthomas/xmltodict   |    0.9.0 | conda           | osx-64         
                                          : xmltodict is a simple library that aims at making XML feel like working with JSON
     xavier/xmltodict          |    0.5.1 | conda           | linux-64       
                                          : https://github.com/martinblech/xmltodict
Found 21 packages

我们发现了21个包，现在就选择一个合适的版本进行安装，如我选择这个：

 conda-forge/xmltodict     |   0.10.2 | conda           | linux-64, win-32, win-64, osx-64

那么执行下面命令进行安装即可：

[root@master ~]$ conda install -c https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge xmltodict
或者
conda install -c conda-forge xmltodict
详情参照：http://www.jianshu.com/p/d2e15200ee9b