企业级web应用服务器--Tomcat（一）
一、安装JDK
（1）centos和ubuntu直接yum和apt安装
（2）安装oracle官方jdk
1、oracle jdk的rpm安装
官方下载链接 https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/javase-jdk8-downloads.html #注意需要注册登录后,才能下载JDK
[root@centos8 ~]#ls -lh jdk-8u241-linux-x64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 171M Feb 8 18:29 jdk-8u241-linux-x64.rpm
#安装jdk，无相关依赖包
[root@centos8 ~]#dnf -y install jdk-8u241-linux-x64.rpm
[root@centos8 ~]#java -version
java version "1.8.0_241" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_241-b07) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.241-b07, mixed mode)
#初始化环境变量
[root@centos8 ~]#vim /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
[root@centos8 ~]#cat /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/default
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
#以下两项非必须项
export JRE_HOME=$JAVA_HOME/jre
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/:$JRE_HOME/lib/
[root@centos8 ~]#. /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
#查看jdk信息
[root@centos8 ~]#which java
/usr/bin/java
[root@centos8 ~]#ll /usr/bin/java
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Feb 8 18:35 /usr/bin/java -> /etc/alternatives/java
[root@centos8 ~]#ll /etc/alternatives/java lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 41 Feb 8 18:35 /etc/alternatives/java -> /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64/jre/bin/java
[root@centos8 ~]#rpm -q --scripts jdk-8u241-linux-x64.rpm
#查看到安装目录为/user/java下
[root@centos8 ~]#rpm -ql jdk-8u241-linux-x64.rpm |less
warning: jdk-8u241-linux-x64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID
ec551f03: NOKEY
/usr
/usr/java
/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64
/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64/.java
/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64/.java/.systemPrefs
/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64/.java/.systemPrefs/.system.lock
/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64/.java/.systemPrefs/.systemRootModFile
/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64/.java/init.d
......
[root@centos8 ~]#ll /usr/java/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Feb 8 18:35 default -> /usr/java/latest
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 258 Feb 8 18:35 jdk1.8.0_241-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 28 Feb 8 18:35 latest -> /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_241-amd64
2、Oracle jdk的二进制安装
#下载安装包：https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/javase-jdk8-
downloads.html
[root@centos8 ~]#tar xvf jdk-8u241-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@centos8 ~]#cd /usr/local/
[root@centos8 ~]#ln -s jdk1.8.0_241/ jdk
#初始化环境变量
[root@centos8 ~]#vim /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
[root@centos8 ~]#cat /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
#以下两项非必须项
#export JRE_HOME=$JAVA_HOME/jre
#export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/:$JRE_HOME/lib/
[root@centos8 ~]#. /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
#注意:JAVA_HOME变量必须设置,否则tomcat启动时会出下面错误
[root@centos8 ~]#catalina.sh
Neither the JAVA_HOME nor the JRE_HOME environment variable is defined
At least one of these environment variable is needed to run this program
[root@centos8 ~]#startup.sh
Neither the JAVA_HOME nor the JRE_HOME environment variable is defined
At least one of these environment variable is needed to run this program
#验证安装
[root@centos8 ~]#java -version
java version "1.8.0_241"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_241-b07)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.241-b07, mixed mode)
[root@centos8 ~]#which java
/usr/local/jdk/bin/java
3、一键安装脚本
#!/bin/bash
DIR=`pwd`
JDK_FILE="jdk-8u281-linux-x64.tar.gz"
JDK_DIR="/usr/local"
color () {
RES_COL=60
MOVE_TO_COL="echo -en \\033[${RES_COL}G"
SETCOLOR_SUCCESS="echo -en \\033[1;32m"
SETCOLOR_FAILURE="echo -en \\033[1;31m"
SETCOLOR_WARNING="echo -en \\033[1;33m"
SETCOLOR_NORMAL="echo -en \E[0m"
echo -n "$2" && $MOVE_TO_COL
echo -n "["
if [ $1 = "success" -o $1 = "0" ] ;then
${SETCOLOR_SUCCESS}
echo -n $" OK "
elif [ $1 = "failure" -o $1 = "1" ] ;then
${SETCOLOR_FAILURE}
echo -n $"FAILED"
else
${SETCOLOR_WARNING}
echo -n $"WARNING"
fi
${SETCOLOR_NORMAL}
echo -n "]"
echo
}
install_jdk(){
if ! [ -f "$DIR/$JDK_FILE" ];then
color 1 "$JDK_FILE 文件不存在"
exit;
elif [ -d $JDK_DIR/jdk ];then
color 1 "JDK 已经安装"
exit
else
[ -d "$JDK_DIR" ] || mkdir -pv $JDK_DIR
fi
tar xvf $DIR/$JDK_FILE -C $JDK_DIR
cd $JDK_DIR && ln -s jdk1.8.* jdk
cat > /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh <<EOF
export JAVA_HOME=$JDK_DIR/jdk
export JRE_HOME=\$JAVA_HOME/jre
export CLASSPATH=\$JAVA_HOME/lib/:\$JRE_HOME/lib/
export PATH=\$PATH:\$JAVA_HOME/bin
EOF
. /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
java -version && color 0 "JDK 安装完成" || { color 1 "JDK 安装失败" ; exit; }
}
install_jdk
二、安装Tomcat
（1）centos7 yum安装和ubuntu apt安装
（2）二进制安装Tomcat
注意：安装Tomcat前必须先安装jdk
#官网或镜像网站下载：
[root@centos8 ~]#wget http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/tomcat/tomcat-
8/v8.5.50/bin/apache-tomcat-8.5.50.tar.gz
[root@centos8 ~]#tar xf apache-tomcat-8.5.50.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@centos8 ~]#cd /usr/local/
[root@centos8 local]#ln -s apache-tomcat-8.5.50/ tomcat
#指定PATH变量
[root@centos8 ~]#echo 'PATH=/usr/local/tomcat/bin:$PATH' >
/etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
[root@centos8 ~]#. /etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
[root@centos8 ~]#echo $PATH
/usr/local/tomcat/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/loc
al/jdk/bin:/root/bin
#查看当前变量设置和命令用法
[root@centos8 ~]#catalina.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Usage: catalina.sh ( commands ... )
commands:
debug Start Catalina in a debugger
debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager
jpda start Start Catalina under JPDA debugger
run Start Catalina in the current window
run -security Start in the current window with security manager
start Start Catalina in a separate window
start -security Start in a separate window with security manager
stop Stop Catalina, waiting up to 5 seconds for the process to
end
stop n Stop Catalina, waiting up to n seconds for the process to
end
stop -force Stop Catalina, wait up to 5 seconds and then use kill -KILL
if still running
stop n -force Stop Catalina, wait up to n seconds and then use kill -KILL
if still running
configtest Run a basic syntax check on server.xml - check exit code for
result
version What version of tomcat are you running?
Note: Waiting for the process to end and use of the -force option require that
$CATALINA_PID is defined
#查看环境变量和版本信息
[root@centos8 ~]#catalina.sh version
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:
Server version: Apache Tomcat/8.5.59
Server built: Oct 6 2020 16:57:18 UTC
Server number: 8.5.59.0
OS Name: Linux
OS Version: 4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64
Architecture: amd64
JVM Version: 1.8.0_261-b12
JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
#启动tomcat
[root@centos8 ~]#startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
#查看端口
[root@centos8 ~]#ss -ntl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port
Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 100 *:8080
*:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22
[::]:*
LISTEN 0 1 [::ffff:127.0.0.1]:8005
*:*
LISTEN 0 100 *:8009
*:*
#查看进程是以root启动的
[root@centos8 ~]#ps aux|grep tomcat
root 12994 34.1 9.4 2155140 76912 pts/0 Sl 22:38 0:02
/usr/local/jdk/jre/bin/java -
Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -
Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -
Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048 -
Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=org.apache.catalina.webresources -
Dorg.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener.UMASK=0027 -
Dignore.endorsed.dirs= -classpath
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -
Dcatalina.base=/usr/local/tomcat -Dcatalina.home=/usr/local/tomcat -
Djava.io.tmpdir=/usr/local/tomcat/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap
start
root 13039 0.0 0.1 12108 1076 pts/0 R+ 22:38 0:00 grep --
color=auto tomcat
#关闭tomcat
[root@centos8 ~]#shutdown.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
#或者以下也可以,指定10s后停止,默认5s
[root@centos8 ~]#catalina.sh stop 10
[root@centos8 ~]#ss -ntl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port
Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22
[::]:*
#再次用不同方式启动tomcat
[root@centos8 ~]#catalina.sh start
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@centos8 ~]#ss -ntl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port
Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128
0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 100 *:8080
*:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22
[::]:*
LISTEN 0 1 [::ffff:127.0.0.1]:8005
*:*
LISTEN 0 100 *:8009
*:*
#再次用不同方式关闭tomcat
[root@centos8 ~]#catalina.sh stop
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk/jre
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
#打开浏览器访问：http://tomcat:8080/，正常可以看到以下界面
扩展知识：tomcat和catalina关系
Tomcat的servlet容器在4.X版本中被Craig McClanahan(Apache Struts项目的创始人,也是Tomcat的Catalina 的架构师)重新设计为Catalina.即Catalina就是servlet容器。
Tomcat的核心分为3个部分:
（1）Web容器:处理静态页面；
（2）JSP容器:把jsp页面翻译成一般的 servlet
（3）catalina: 是一个servlet容器,用于处理servlet
Catalina是美国西海岸靠近洛杉矶22英里的一个小岛，因为其风景秀丽而著名，曾被评为全美最漂亮的小岛。Servlet运行模块的最早开发者Craig McClanahan因为喜欢Catalina岛,故以Catalina命名他所开这个模块，另外在开发的早期阶段，Tomcat是被搭建在一个叫Avalon的服务器框架上，而Avalon则是Catalina岛上的一个小镇的名字，于是想一个与小镇名字相关联的单词也是自然而然。设计者估计是想把tomcat设计成最美的轻量级容器吧。
#配置 tomcat自启动的 service 文件
#创建tomcat专用帐户
[root@centos8 ~]#useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin tomcat
#准备service文件中相关环境文件
[root@centos8 ~]#vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
[root@centos8 ~]#cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
#两个变量至少设置一项才能启动 tomcat
JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
#JRE_HOME=/usr/local/jdk/jre
#如果不指定上面变量,/var/log/messages文件中会出现下面无法启动错误提示
Mar 15 14:30:09 centos8 startup.sh[1530]: Neither the JAVA_HOME nor the JRE_HOME environment variable is defined
Mar 15 14:30:09 centos8 startup.sh[1530]: At least one of these environment variable is needed to run this program
[root@centos8 ~]#chown -R tomcat.tomcat /usr/local/tomcat/
#创建tomcat.service文件
[root@centos8 ~]#vim /lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service
[root@centos8 ~]#cat /lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service
[Unit]
Description=Tomcat
#After=syslog.target network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target
After=syslog.target network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
EnvironmentFile=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
PrivateTmp=true
User=tomcat
Group=tomcat
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@centos8 ~]#systemctl daemon-reload
[root@centos8 ~]#systemctl enable --now tomcat
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/tomcat.service →
/usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service.
#查看日志
[root@centos8 ~]#tail /var/log/messages
Mar 15 14:32:13 centos8 systemd[1]: Reloading.
Mar 15 14:32:23 centos8 systemd[1]: Starting Tomcat...
Mar 15 14:32:23 centos8 startup.sh[1575]: Tomcat started.
Mar 15 14:32:23 centos8 systemd[1]: Started Tomcat.
#一键安装Tomcat脚本
范例一：
#!/bin/bash
. /etc/init.d/functions
DIR=`pwd`
JDK_FILE="jdk-8u251-linux-x64.tar.gz"
TOMCAT_FILE="apache-tomcat-8.5.57.tar.gz"
JDK_DIR="/usr/local"
TOMCAT_DIR="/usr/local"
install_jdk(){
if ! [ -f "$DIR/$JDK_FILE" ];then
action "$JDK_FILE 文件不存在" false
exit;
elif [ -d $JDK_DIR/jdk ];then
action "JDK 已经安装" false
exit
else
[ -d "$JDK_DIR" ] || mkdir -pv $JDK_DIR
fi
tar xvf $DIR/$JDK_FILE -C $JDK_DIR
cd $JDK_DIR && ln -s jdk1.8.* jdk
cat > /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh <<EOF
export JAVA_HOME=$JDK_DIR/jdk
export JRE_HOME=\$JAVA_HOME/jre
export CLASSPATH=\$JAVA_HOME/lib/:\$JRE_HOME/lib/
export PATH=\$PATH:\$JAVA_HOME/bin
EOF
. /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
java -version && action "JDK 安装完成" || { action "JDK 安装失败" false ; exit; }
}
install_tomcat(){
if ! [ -f "$DIR/$TOMCAT_FILE" ];then
action "$TOMCAT_FILE 文件不存在" false
exit;
elif [ -d $TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat ];then
action "TOMCAT 已经安装" false
exit
else
[ -d "$TOMCAT_DIR" ] || mkdir -pv $TOMCAT_DIR
fi
tar xf $DIR/$TOMCAT_FILE -C $TOMCAT_DIR
cd $TOMCAT_DIR && ln -s apache-tomcat-*/ tomcat
echo "PATH=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/bin:"'$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
id tomcat &> /dev/null || useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin tomcat
cat > $TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf <<EOF
JAVA_HOME=$JDK_DIR/jdk
EOF
chown -R tomcat.tomcat $TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/
cat > /lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=Tomcat
#After=syslog.target network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target
After=syslog.target network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
EnvironmentFile=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
ExecStart=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
RestartSec=3
PrivateTmp=true
User=tomcat
Group=tomcat
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now tomcat.service
systemctl is-active tomcat.service &> /dev/null && action "TOMCAT 安装完成" || {
action "TOMCAT 安装失败" false ; exit; }
}
install_jdk
install_tomcat
范例二：
#!/bin/bash
DIR=`pwd`
JDK_FILE="jdk-8u281-linux-x64.tar.gz"
TOMCAT_FILE="apache-tomcat-8.5.64.tar.gz"
JDK_DIR="/usr/local"
TOMCAT_DIR="/usr/local"
color () {
RES_COL=60
MOVE_TO_COL="echo -en \\033[${RES_COL}G"
SETCOLOR_SUCCESS="echo -en \\033[1;32m"
SETCOLOR_FAILURE="echo -en \\033[1;31m"
SETCOLOR_WARNING="echo -en \\033[1;33m"
SETCOLOR_NORMAL="echo -en \E[0m"
echo -n "$2" && $MOVE_TO_COL
echo -n "["
if [ $1 = "success" -o $1 = "0" ] ;then
${SETCOLOR_SUCCESS}
echo -n $" OK "
elif [ $1 = "failure" -o $1 = "1" ] ;then
${SETCOLOR_FAILURE}
echo -n $"FAILED"
else
${SETCOLOR_WARNING}
echo -n $"WARNING"
fi
${SETCOLOR_NORMAL}
echo -n "]"
echo
}
install_jdk(){
if ! [ -f "$DIR/$JDK_FILE" ];then
color 1 "$JDK_FILE 文件不存在"
exit;
elif [ -d $JDK_DIR/jdk ];then
color 1 "JDK 已经安装"
exit
else
[ -d "$JDK_DIR" ] || mkdir -pv $JDK_DIR
fi
tar xvf $DIR/$JDK_FILE -C $JDK_DIR
cd $JDK_DIR && ln -s jdk1.8.* jdk
cat > /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh <<EOF
export JAVA_HOME=$JDK_DIR/jdk
export JRE_HOME=\$JAVA_HOME/jre
export CLASSPATH=\$JAVA_HOME/lib/:\$JRE_HOME/lib/
export PATH=\$PATH:\$JAVA_HOME/bin
EOF
. /etc/profile.d/jdk.sh
java -version && color 0 "JDK 安装完成" || { color 1 "JDK 安装失败" ; exit; }
}
install_tomcat(){
if ! [ -f "$DIR/$TOMCAT_FILE" ];then
color 1 "$TOMCAT_FILE 文件不存在"
exit;
elif [ -d $TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat ];then
color 1 "TOMCAT 已经安装"
exit
else
[ -d "$TOMCAT_DIR" ] || mkdir -pv $TOMCAT_DIR
fi
tar xf $DIR/$TOMCAT_FILE -C $TOMCAT_DIR
cd $TOMCAT_DIR && ln -s apache-tomcat-*/ tomcat
echo "PATH=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/bin:"'$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh
id tomcat &> /dev/null || useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin tomcat
cat > $TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf <<EOF
JAVA_HOME=$JDK_DIR/jdk
EOF
chown -R tomcat.tomcat $TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/
cat > /lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=Tomcat
#After=syslog.target network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target
After=syslog.target network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
EnvironmentFile=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/conf/tomcat.conf
ExecStart=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=$TOMCAT_DIR/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
RestartSec=3
PrivateTmp=true
User=tomcat
Group=tomcat
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now tomcat.service &> /dev/null
systemctl is-active tomcat.service &> /dev/null && color 0 "TOMCAT 安装完成" ||
{ color 1 "TOMCAT 安装失败" ; exit; }
}
install_jdk
install_tomcat
