python的requests用法详解
python接口测试Requests用法详解
Requests是一个Python语言写的http相关设置或者请求的一个库
安装：pip install Requests或者pip3 install requests
使用的时候要import requests
http://httpbin.org/：这个链接可以用来检查你请求的链接返回的内容，输出的是你请求的基本内容，可以用来测试验证
get请求
1.基本get请求的写法：
import requests response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(response.text)
打印出你的请求头，请求链接，IP地址等
2.带参数的get请求(在链接的后面加上问号再加参数)：
Response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22") # 还有一种方式：就是先定义一个字典，然后调用get方法的时候，将字典赋值给给params参数 data = { ‘name’:’germey’, ‘age’:22 }
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)
print(response.text)
3.解析json
Json用来保存一些键值对组成的数据，用于数据交换，也可用于前后端之间互相传递数据，比如前端发起请求，调用接口，后端返回一串json数据，处理数据，渲染到页面上。
Request模块中也有解析json的方法：
import requests response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(response.json()) print(type(response.json()))
还可以这样写：
Import requests Import json response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
#和request.json()是一个意思，都是打印出一个字典数据，这个json()方法也是调用了json的loads方法
print(json.loads(requests.test()))
4.获取二进制数据
一般用来下载图片、视频等
response = requests.get("http://github.com/favicon.ico") #将要下载的图片链接放这 print(type(response.text),type(response.content)) #类型分别是str和bytes print(response.text) print(response.content) #获取二进制数据的方法
图片的二进制数据获取到后怎么保存呢？
import requests response = requests.get("http://github.com/favicon.ico") with open("favicon.ico","wb") as f: f.write(response.content) f.close()
5.添加headers
有时候不加headers发请求的时候会直接被拒绝或者服务器错误等，加上headers就可以了。
比如下面这段会报500错误：
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore")
print(response.text)
此时需要添加一个headers：
1 headers = { 2 3 "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.118 Safari/537.36" 4 5 } 6 7 response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore",headers=headers) 8 9 print(response.text)
基本post请求，和get请求类似
6.需要的表单数据也用一个字典存起来给data参数，headers和get方法一样
Import requests
headers = {
"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.118 Safari/537.36"
}
data = {
‘name’:’germey’,
‘age’:22
}
# 需要注意和get方法不同的是如果有参数用的是data=而不是params=
response = requests.post("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore",data = data,headers = headers)
print(response.json())
响应
7.response属性
response = requests.post("https://www.jianshu.com")
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
print(type(response.url),response.url)
print(type(response.history),response.history) #历史记录
8.状态码判断
1 response = requests.post("https://www.jianshu.com") 2 3 exit() if not response.status_code==200 else print("request sucessfully") 4 5 或者可以写成： 6 7 exit() if not response.status_code==request.codes.ok else print("request sucessfully")
状态码和request.codes列表中的英文状态对应表
|
状态码 |
英文 |
|
100 |
("continue",) |
|
101 |
("switching_protocols") |
|
102 |
("processing",) |
|
103 |
("checkpoint",) |
|
122 |
("url_too_long","request_url_too_long") |
|
200 |
("ok","okay","all_ok","all_good",\\o/,"√") |
|
201 |
("created",) |
|
202 |
("accepted",) |
|
203 |
("non_authoritative_info","non_authoritative_information") |
|
204 |
("no_content",) |
|
205 |
("reset_content","reset") |
|
206 |
("partial_content","partial") |
|
207 |
("multi_status","multiple_status","multi_stati","multiple_stati") |
|
208 |
("already_reported",) |
|
300 |
("multiple_choices",) |
|
301 |
("moved_permanentiy","moved","\\o-") |
|
302 |
("found",) |
|
303 |
("see_other","other") |
|
304 |
("not_modified") |
|
305 |
("use_proxy") |
|
306 |
("switch_proxy") |
|
307 |
("temporary_redirect","remporary_moved","temporary") |
|
308 |
("permanent_redirect","resume_incomplete","resume") |
|
400 |
("bad_request","bad") |
|
401 |
("unauthorized",) |
|
402 |
("payment_required","payment") |
|
403 |
("forbidden",) |
|
404 |
("not_found","-o-") |
|
405 |
("method_not_allowed","not_allowed") |
|
406 |
("not_acceptable",) |
|
407 |
("proxy_authentication_required","proxy_auth","proxy_authentication") |
|
408 |
("request_timeout","timeout") |
|
409 |
("conflict",) |
|
410 |
("gone",) |
|
411 |
("length_required",) |
|
412 |
("precondition_falled","precondition") |
|
413 |
("request_entity_too_large",) |
|
414 |
("request_uril_too_large",) |
|
415 |
("unsupported_media_type","unsupported_media","media_type") |
|
416 |
("requested_range_not_satisfiable"," requested_range"," range_not_satisfiable") |
|
417 |
("expectation_failed",) |
|
418 |
("im_a_teapot","teapot","i_am_a_teapot") |
|
421 |
("misdirected_request",) |
|
422 |
("unprocessable_entity","unprocessable") |
|
423 |
("locked",) |
|
424 |
("failed_dependency","dependency") |
|
425 |
("unordered_collection","unordered") |
|
426 |
("upgrade_required","upgrade") |
|
428 |
("precondition_required","precondition") |
|
429 |
("too_many_requests","too_mary") |
|
431 |
("header_fields_too_large"," fields_too_large") |
|
444 |
("no_response","none") |
|
449 |
("retry_with","retry") |
|
450 |
("unavallable_for_legal_reasons","parental_controls") |
|
451 |
("unavallable_for_legal_reasons","legal_reasons") |
|
499 |
("client_closed_request",) |
|
500 |
("internal_server_error","server_error","/o\\","×") |
|
501 |
("not_implemented",) |
|
502 |
("bad_gateway",) |
|
503 |
("service_unavaliable","unavaliable") |
|
504 |
("gateway_timeout") |
|
505 |
("http_version_not_supported","http_version") |
|
506 |
("variant_also_negotiates",) |
|
507 |
("insufficient_storage",) |
|
509 |
("bandwidth_limit_exceeded","bandwidth") |
|
510 |
("not_extended",) |
|
511 |
("network_authentication_required","network_auth","network_authentication") |
request的高级操作
文件上传
1 import requests 2 3 files = {"file":open("test.png",'rb')} 4 5 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",files=files) #需要用post方法 6 7 print(response.text)
text返回的files是一个文件字节流
获取cookie
1 response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") 2 3 print(response.cookies) 4 5 for key,value in response.cookies.items(): 6 7 print(key + "=" + value)
会话维持：用来模拟登录
1 requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/1234") #调用cookies的set方法设置cookies 2 3 response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") #获取cookies 4 5 print(response.cookies)
这样结果出来是空的，因为你请求了两次get方法，等于是两个浏览器各自请求
修改一下：
1 s = requests.Session() 2 3 s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/1234") 4 5 response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") 6 7 print(response.text)
证书验证
#这个12306的证书是一个不安全的，直接请求会报错：SSL error证书错误
response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn")
# 这样改之后就返回200ok了，但是会有警告
response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn",verfiy=False)
再修改：
1 from requests.packages import urllib3 2 3 urllib3.disable_warnings() 4 5 response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn",verfiy=False) 6 7 print(response.text)
这样就没有警告了
代理设置
设置http或者https代理，并且没有用户名密码的情况下：
1 Import requests 2 3 proxies = { 4 5 "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9743/", 6 7 "https":"https://127.0.0.1:9743/" 8 9 } 10 11 response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies) 12 13 print(response.status_code)
设置http或者https代理，有用户名密码
proxies = { "http":" http://user：password@ 127.0.0.1:9743/" } response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)
如果代理不是http或者https，是socks4或者socks5，则字典的键值还是http，但是值变了：
首先需要 pip install "requests[socks]"
Import requests proxies = { "http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9743/", "https":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9743/" } response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)
超时设置
import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1) #设置超过1秒就算超时
print(response.status_code)
超时以后会报一个异常：ReadTimeout
可以使用try捕获异常，修改代码为：
Import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try：
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1) #设置超过1秒就算超时
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout：
print("timeout")
认证设置
有写网址需要用户名密码登录后才可以看到内容，则：
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(r.status_code)
或者第二种写法：
Import requests
r=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001",auth= ("user","123"))
print(r.status_code)
- 异常处理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,HTTPError,ConnectionError,RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print("timeout")
except HTTPError: #http异常
print("http error")
except ConnectionError: #网络不好
print("ConnectionError")
except RequestException: #父类异常
print("error")
