数据库基础知识整理
外键
外键就是用来实现两表之间关联,实现节省空间等目的的键
外键的建立 必须先有主表才能用外键去连接
#1、建立表关系:
#先建被关联的表,并且保证被关联的字段唯一
create table dep(
id int primary key, #只有唯一了,外键关联才能找到唯一的关联位置
name char(16),
comment char(50)
);
#再建立关联的表
create table emp(
id int primary key,
name char(10),
sex enum('male','female'),
dep_id int,
foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) #设置外键,下面两句也是一起的,只是为了美观才放到下面的
on delete cascade #删除同步
on update cascade #修改同步
);
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
表与表之间的关系
多对一 一对多:从左找右,从右找左 建立原则还是和建立外键类似
多对多:建立一张专门存放两张表关系的表来维护关系
一对一:也是利用外键来实现一对一的关系,确保了唯一性
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
数据操作
表记录的增删改查:
插入数据INSERT
1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入)
语法一:
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);
语法二:
INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);
2. 指定字段插入数据
语法:
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);
3. 插入多条记录
语法:
INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
(值1,值2,值3…值n),
(值1,值2,值3…值n),
(值1,值2,值3…值n);
4. 插入查询结果
语法:
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n)
SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
WHERE …;
--------------------------------------
更新数据UPDATE
语法:
UPDATE 表名 SET
字段1=值1,
字段2=值2,
WHERE CONDITION;
示例:
UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’)
where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
-------------------------------------------
删除数据DELETE
语法:
DELETE FROM 表名
WHERE CONITION;
示例:
DELETE FROM mysql.user
WHERE password=’’;
--------------------------------------------------
查找数据select 重中之重
单表查询:
#简单查询 SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee; #避免重复DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #通过四则运算查询 SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定义显示格式 CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串 SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
where
#1:单条件查询
SELECT name FROM employee
WHERE post='sale';
#2:多条件查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
ps:
执行
update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
再用上条查看,就会有结果了
#5:关键字IN集合查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';
通配符’_’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
分组查询:GROUP BY
#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等 #3、为何要分组呢? 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提: 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
------------------------------------------------------------
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组 SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post; 注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数 GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
聚合函数
#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组 示例: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
HAVING过滤
#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
select group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2; having的用法,在where>group by>having
查询排序:ORDER BY
按单列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;
限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
多表查询