【python之路8】python基本数据类型（二） list tuple dict

基本数据类型

4、列表（list）

创建列表

name_list = ['zhao','qian','sun','li']

基本操作

• 索引

print(name_list[0])  #返回zhao
print(name_list[1])  #返回qian

 

• 切片　

print(name_list[0:2]) #返回['zhao', 'qian']

• 长度

print len(name_list)  #返回4

• 循环

for i in name_list:
    print i

• 删除一个索引元素

del name_list[1] #删除索引为1的元素
del name_list[1:3] #删除切片1-2的元素

• 包含in

IsContain = 'sun' in name_list

　　

基本用法总结：

name_list.append('aa')  #name_list列表追加一个元素，name_list变为['zhao', 'qian', 'sun', 'li', 'aa']
print name_list.count("li") #返回1，统计name_list中，值为li的个数
name_list.extend(['aa','bb','cc']) #name_list列表追加一个列表，name_list变为['zhao', 'qian', 'sun', 'li', 'aa', 'bb', 'cc']，参数必须为可迭代的
print name_list.index('sun',0,3) #在索引0-3之间查找sun,返回索引，第2、3个参数可以省略
name_list.insert(3,'wang') #在第3个索引前面插入wang,name_list变为['zhao', 'qian', 'sun', 'wang', 'li']
name_list.pop(2) #删除索引为2的项目，如果省略则删除最后一项
name_list.remove('sun') #移除name_list中第一个出现的sun,如果sun不存在则抛出ValueError异常
name_list.reverse() #将name_list中的元素顺序翻转，结果['li', 'sun', 'qian', 'zhao']
sort() #等待补充

其他详细功能及代码：

 

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.append(object) -- append object to end 
		添加一个对象到最后"""
        pass
 
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value 
		返回出现值的数量"""
        return 0
 
    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable 
		通过增加可迭代的元素扩展列表"""
        pass
 
    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
		返回第一个值的索引
		如果值不存在则抛出ValueError异常
        """
        return 0
 
    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index 
		在参数index的前面插入对象"""
        pass
 
    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
		按照index索引删除并返回项目（默认最后一个）
		如果列表为空或不在范围内，抛出IndexError异常
        """
        pass
 
    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
		移除第一个出现的值，
		如果Value值没出现那么抛出ValueError异常
        """
        pass
 
    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* 
		位置反序排列"""
        pass
 
    def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
        cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
		位置稳定正序排序
        """
        pass
 
    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass
 
    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
                    
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                    
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
        pass
 
    def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass
 
    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass
 
    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass
 
    def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
                    
                   Use  of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
    __hash__ = None

5、元组（tuple）

元组与列表基本一样，区别是列表可以支持增删改查，而元组不支持增删改

创建元组

name_tuple = ('zhao','qian','sun','li')
#单个元素tuple定义
name_tuple1 = ('zhao',)

基本操作与列表一样

• 索引
• 切片
• 循环
• 长度
• 包含

基本用法总结

print name_tuple.count("li") #返回1，统计name_tuple中，值为li的个数
print name_tuple.index('sun',0,3) #在索引0-3之间查找sun,返回索引，第2、3个参数可以省略

其他详细功能及代码

class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
     
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0
 
    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0
 
    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
 
    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                    
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
         
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
tuple

　　

6、字典（无序）

创建字典

不可变的（可哈希的）对象可以作为key值，例如元组可以作为key值，但列表是可变的则不能作为key值

dic = dict{(11,22,33):"ABC"}

person = {'name':'zhangsan','age':19}

常用操作

• 索引

print person['name'] #输出zhangsan

• 新增

dic['name']='zhang'  #如果是已经存在的name则修改，如果不存在则增加
dic['hobby']='football'  #如果是已经存在的name则修改，如果不存在则增加

• 删除
• 键、值、键值对
• 循环
• 长度

print len(person) #输出2，即person里面有两个键值对

　基本用法总结：

person.clear()  #清除person中的所有键值对
person1 = person.copy() #浅拷贝，复制出一个新的字典
print person.fromkeys(person,'xx') #产生一个新的字典，结果返回{'age': 'xx', 'name': 'xx'}，如果第二个参数省略则返回{'age': None, 'name': None}
print person.get('height',1.8) #person中没有key-heith所以返回第2个参数1.8，如果第二参数省略找不到返回None,如果能够找到返回key对应的value
print person.has_key('name') #返回True，查询person中是否存在该key,存在返回True,不存在返回False
print person.items() #返回键值对元组[('age', 20), ('name', 'zhangsan')]
print person.keys() #返回keys集合['age', 'name']
print person.values() #返回value集合[20, 'zhangsan']
print person.iteritems() #返回一个字典迭代器<dictionary-itemiterator object at 0x0000000003503728>，list(person.iteritems())则返回[('age', 20), ('name', 'zhangsan')]
print person.iterkeys() #返回一个字典迭代器<dictionary-keyiterator object at 0x0000000003813728>，list(person.iterkeys())则返回['age', 'name']
print person.itervalues() #返回一个字典迭代器<dictionary-valueiterator object at 0x0000000002F93728>，list(person.itervalues())则返回[20, 'zhangsan']
v = person.pop('name') #此时v返回name的value值即zhangsan,person移除了name,即变为{'age': 20};如果找不到，且第3个参数省略则抛出KeyError异常
v = person.popitem() #移除最后一组item，person变为{'name': 'zhangsan'}，v返回('age', 20)，不同的机器删除的结果可能不同，定义为随机删除
v = person.setdefault('height',1.8) #person={'age': 20, 'name': 'zhangsan', 'height': 1.8},height不存在则添加，并且v返回1.8，如果已存在的key则只返回不添加
person.update([('height',180)]) #person={'age': 20, 'name': 'zhangsan', 'height': 180}，如果key存在则更新，如果不存在则添加
v = person.viewitems() #person不变，v返回dict_items([('age', 20), ('name', 'zhangsan')])
v = person.viewkeys() #person不变，v返回dict_keys(['age', 'name'])
v = person.viewvalues() #person不变，v返回dict_values([20, 'zhangsan'])

其他详细功能及代码

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """
 
    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. 
		移除所有的项目"""
        pass
 
    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
        v defaults to None.
		一个新的列表，keys=S，values=v,v默认为none
        """
        pass
 
    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 ，省略默认为None"""
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass
 
    def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 是否有key """
        """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False
 
    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项的列表形式 """
        """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
        return []
 
    def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 项可迭代 """
        """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
        pass
 
    def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ key可迭代 """
        """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
        pass
 
    def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ value可迭代 """
        """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
        pass
 
    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的key列表 """
        """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
        return []
 
    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
		移除制定的key并且返回相应的value.
		如果key没有找到，那么如果制定了d返回参数d,否则抛出KeyError的异常
        """
        pass
 
    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
		移除并且作为(key,value)一对元组返回，如果D是空的那么抛出KeyError异常
        """
        pass
 
    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D 
		相当于D.get(k,d),并且如果k不在D中那么设置 D(k)=d"""
        pass
 
    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """ 更新
            {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
            [('name','sbsbsb'),]
        """
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
		更新D从字典或可迭代的对象E和F
		若果E存在并且有一个.keys()的方法，会执行这句：for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
		若果E存在并且没有一个.keys()的方法，会执行这句：for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
		无论哪种情况，这会跟随执行这句：for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass
 
    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的值 """
        """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
        return []
 
    def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
        """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass
 
    def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass
 
    def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass
 
    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False
 
    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
    __hash__ = None
 
dict

其他：

1、for循环

for key in person:  #单个打印输出key
    print key

for value in person.values():  #单个打印输出value
    print value

for item in person.items():  #单个打印输出键值对
    print item

2、enumerate可为迭代的对象添加序号

li = ['zhao','qian','sun','li']
for key,value in enumerate(li):  #enumeraate在循环的时候自动添加0开始自增1的key
    print key,value
结果：
0 zhao
1 qian
2 sun
3 li

3、range和xrange

range和xrange用来生成制定范围内的数

python2.x中range会直接在内存中生成序列，而xrange是通过迭代的方式实现，在遍历的时候才生成，所以xrange速度更快，在产生非常大的数字范围时，建议用xrange

python3.x中取消xrange，但其range变为通过迭代的方式实现

利用range实现遍历列表：

li = ['zhao','qian','sun','li']
for i in range(0,len(li)):
    print li[i]

for i in range(10,0,-1):
    print(i)
#输出：10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1