【Kubernetes系列十】Kubernetes StatefulSet控制器

1. StatefulSet介绍

前面使用Deployment创建的Pod是无状态的,当挂载了volume之后,如果该Pod挂了,Replication Controller会再启动一个Pod来保证可用性,但是由于Pod是无状态的,pod挂了就会和之前的Volume的关系断开,新创建的Pod无法找到之前的Pod。但是对于用户来说,他们对底层的Pod挂了是没有感知的,但是当Pod挂了之后就无法再使用之前挂载的存储卷。为了解决这一问题,就引入了StatefulSet用于保留Pod的状态信息。

StatefulSet是Pod资源控制器的一种实现,用于部署和扩展有状态应用的Pod资源,确保它们的运行顺序及每个Pod资源的唯一性。其应用场景包括:
稳定的持久化存储,即Pod重新调度后还是能访问到相同的持久化数据,基于PVC来实现。
稳定的网络标识,即Pod重新调度后其PodName和HostName不变,基于Headless Service(即没有Cluster IP的Service)来实现
有序部署,有序扩展,即Pod是有顺序的,在部署或者扩展的时候要依据定义的顺序依次进行(即从0到N-1,在下一个Pod运行之前的所有之前的Pod必须都是Running和Ready状态),基于init Containers来实现
有序收缩,有序删除(即从N-1到0)

StatefulSet由以下几个部分组成:
用于定义网络标志(DNS domain)和Headless Service
用于创建PersistentVolumes和VolumeClaimTemplates
定义具体应用的StatefulSet

StatefulSet中的每个Pod的DNS格式为statefulSetName-{0..N-1}.serviceName.namespace.svc.cluster.local,其中
serviceName:为Headless Service的名字
0..N-1:为Pod所在的序号,从0开始到N-1
statefulSetName:为StatefulSet的名字
namespace:为服务所在的namaspace,Headless Service和StatefulSet必须在相同的namespace
.cluster.local:为Cluster Domain

疑问解惑:
(1) 为什么要有headless?
在Deployment中,每一个pod是没有名称,是随机字符串,是无序的。而statefulSet中是要求有序的,每一个Pod的名称必须是固定的。当节点挂了,重建之后的标识符是不变的,每一个节点的节点名称是不会改变的。Pod名称是作为Pod识别的唯一标识符,必须保证其标识符的稳定并且唯一。
为了实现标识符的稳定,这时候就需要一个headless service解析直达到Pod,还需要给Pod配置一个唯一的名称。

(2) 为什么要有volumeClainTemplate?
大部分有状态副本集都会用到持久存储,比如分布式系统来说,由于数据是不一样的,每个节点都需要自己专用的存储节点。而在Deployment中Pod模板中创建的存储卷是一个共享的存储卷,多个Pod使用同一个存储卷,而statefulSet定义中的每一个Pod都不能使用同一个存储卷,由此基于Pod模板创建Pod是不适应的,这就需要引入volumeClainTemplate,当在使用StatefulSet创建Pod时,会自动生成一个PVC,从而请求绑定一个PV,从而有自己专用的存储卷。

2. StatefulSet定义

在创建StatefulSet之前需要准备的东西,创建顺序非常关键,如下

a、Volume
b、Persistent Volume
b、Persistent Volume Clain
d、Service
e、StatefulSet
Volume可以有很多中类型,比如nfs、gluster等,下面使用nfs

statefulSet字段说明:

~]# kubectl explain statefulset.spec
podManagementPolicy    <string>    #Pod管理策略
replicas    <integer>    #Pod副本数量
revisionHistoryLimit    <integer>    #历史版本限制
selector    <Object> -required-    #标签选择器,根据标签选择管理的Pod资源;必选字段
serviceName    <string> -required-    #服务名称,必选字段
template    <Object> -required-    #模板,定义pod资源,必选字段
updateStrategy    <Object>    #更新策略
volumeClaimTemplates    <[]Object>    #存储卷申请模板,列表对象形式

示列:清单定义StatefulSet
通过上面的描述,下面示例定义StatefulSet资源,在定义之前首先得准备PV资源对象。这里同样使用NFS作为后端存储。
(1) 准备NFS

~]# mkdir /data/volumes/v{1..5} -p
~]# vim /etc/exports
/data/volumes/v1  10.157.27.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v2  10.157.27.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v3  10.157.27.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v4  10.157.27.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v5  10.157.27.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
~]# exportfs -arv
exporting 10.157.27.0/24:/data/volumes/v5
exporting 10.157.27.0/24:/data/volumes/v4
exporting 10.157.27.0/24:/data/volumes/v3
exporting 10.157.27.0/24:/data/volumes/v2
exporting 10.157.27.0/24:/data/volumes/v1

~]# showmount -e
Export list for storage:
/data/volumes/v5 10.157.27.0/24
/data/volumes/v4 10.157.27.0/24
/data/volumes/v3 10.157.27.0/24
/data/volumes/v2 10.157.27.0/24
/data/volumes/v1 10.157.27.0/24

(2) 创建pv
这里创建5个PV,存储大小各不相等,是否可读也不相同,这里新创建一个目录用于存放statefulset所有的资源清单文件等

~]# mkdir statefulset && cd statefulset
~]# vim pv-nfs.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-nfs-001
  labels:
    name: pv001
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v1
    server: 10.157.27.114
    readOnly: false 
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce","ReadWriteMany"]
  capacity:
    storage: 5Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-nfs-002
  labels:
    name: pv002
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v2
    server: 10.157.27.114
    readOnly: false 
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 5Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-nfs-003
  labels:
    name: pv003
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v3
    server: 10.157.27.114
    readOnly: false 
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce","ReadWriteMany"]
  capacity:
    storage: 5Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-nfs-004
  labels:
    name: pv004
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v4
    server: 10.157.27.114
    readOnly: false 
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce","ReadWriteMany"]
  capacity:
    storage: 5Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-nfs-005
  labels:
    name: pv005
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v5
    server: 10.157.27.114
    readOnly: false 
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce","ReadWriteMany"]
  capacity:
    storage: 5Gi
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
~]# kubectl apply -f pv-nfs.yaml
persistentvolume/pv-nfs-001 created
persistentvolume/pv-nfs-002 created
persistentvolume/pv-nfs-003 created
persistentvolume/pv-nfs-004 created
persistentvolume/pv-nfs-005 created 

(3) 编写定义StatefulSet的资源清单
首先我们要定义一个Headless Service,这里headless Service和StatefulSet写在一个文件。

~]# vim statefulset-demo.yaml
#定义一个Headless Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-svc
  labels:
    app: nginx-svc
spec:
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 80
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx-pod
---
#定义StatefulSet
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: nginx-statefulset
spec:
  serviceName: nginx-svc    #指定service,和上面定义的service对应
  replicas: 5    #指定副本数量
  selector:    #指定标签选择器,和后面的pod的标签对应
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-pod
  template:    #定义后端Pod的模板
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.12
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        ports:
        - name: http
          containerPort: 80
        volumeMounts:
        - name: nginxdata
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:    #定义存储卷申请模板
  - metadata: 
      name: nginxdata
    spec:
      accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 5Gi
#---
#解析上面的资源清单:由于StatefulSet资源依赖于一个事先存在的Service资源,所以需要先定义一个名为nginx-svc的Headless Service资源,用于关联到每个Pod资源创建DNS资源记录。接着定义了一个名为nginx-statefulset的StatefulSet资源,它通过Pod模板创建了5个Pod资源副本,并基于volumeClaiTemplate向前面创建的PV进行了请求大小为5Gi的专用存储卷。

(4) 创建StatefulSet资源

~]# kubectl apply -f statefulset-demo.yaml
service/nginx-svc created
statefulset.apps/nginx-statefulset created
~]# kubectl get svc   #查看创建的无头服务nginx-svc
NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
nginx-svc            ClusterIP   None             <none>        80/TCP         8s
~]# kubectl get pv     #查看PV绑定
NAME         CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM                                   STORAGECLASS   REASON   AGE
pv-nfs-001   5Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                                   3m25s
pv-nfs-002   5Gi        RWO            Retain           Bound       default/nginxdata-nginx-statefulset-0                           3m25s
pv-nfs-003   5Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                                   3m25s
pv-nfs-004   5Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                                   3m25s
pv-nfs-005   5Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available 
~]# kubectl get pvc     #查看PVC绑定
NAME                            STATUS   VOLUME       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
nginxdata-nginx-statefulset-0   Bound    pv-nfs-002   5Gi        RWO                           17s
~]# kubectl get statefulset    #查看StatefulSet
NAME                DESIRED   CURRENT   AGE
nginx-statefulset   5         2         72s
~]# kubectl get pods    #查看Pod信息

(5) 删除测试

~]# kubectl delete -f statefulset-demo.yaml 
service "nginx-svc" deleted
statefulset.apps "nginx-statefulset" deleted

~]# kubectl get pods -w     #动态查看删除过程,可以也是按照顺序删除,逆向关闭。
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-statefulset-0   1/1     Running   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   1/1     Running   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Running   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   1/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   1/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Terminating   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Terminating   0          18m


此时PVC依旧存在的,再重新创建pod时,依旧会重新去绑定原来的PVC
~]# kubectl apply -f statefulset-demo.yaml 
service/nginx-svc created
statefulset.apps/nginx-statefulset created

~]# kubectl get pvc     #查看PVC绑定
NAME                            STATUS   VOLUME       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
nginxdata-nginx-statefulset-0   Bound    pv-nfs-002   5Gi        RWO                           30m
nginxdata-nginx-statefulset-1   Bound    pv-nfs-003   5Gi        RWO,RWX                       30m
nginxdata-nginx-statefulset-2   Bound    pv-nfs-004   5Gi        RWO,RWX                       30m

(6) 名称解析

~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP             NODE               NOMINATED NODE
nginx-statefulset-0             1/1     Running   0          10m     10.244.1.196   node01.ilinux.io   <none>
nginx-statefulset-1             1/1     Running   0          9m13s   10.244.2.167   node02.ilinux.io   <none>
nginx-statefulset-2             1/1     Running   0          2m9s    10.244.3.42    node03.ilinux.io   <none>
nginx-statefulset-3             1/1     Running   0          2m6s    10.244.0.28    master.ilinux.io   <none>
nginx-statefulset-4             1/1     Running   0          54s     10.244.3.43    node03.ilinux.io   <none>

~]# dig -t A nginx-statefulset-0.nginx-svc.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10
nginx-statefulset-0.nginx-svc.default.svc.cluster.local. 5 IN A	10.244.1.196

3.StatefulSet资源扩缩容

StatefulSet资源的扩缩容与Deployment资源相似,即通过修改资源的副本数来改动其目标Pod资源数量。对StatefulSet资源来说,kubectl scale和kubectl patch命令均可以实现此功能,也可以使用kubectl edit命令直接修改其副本数,或者修改资源清单文件,由kubectl apply命令重新声明

(1) 通过scale将nginx-statefulset资源副本数量扩容为4个

~]# kubectl scale statefulset/nginx-statefulset --replicas=4   #扩容副本增加到4个
~]# kubectl get pods     #查看pod信息
NAME                            READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-statefulset-0             1/1     Running       0          13m
nginx-statefulset-1             1/1     Running       0          12m
nginx-statefulset-2             1/1     Running       0          5m30s
nginx-statefulset-3             1/1     Running       0          5m27s
~]# kubectl get pv   #查看pv绑定

(2) 通过patch将nginx-statefulset资源副本数量缩容为3个

~]# kubectl patch sts/nginx-statefulset -p '{"spec":{"replicas":2}}'    #通过patch打补丁方式缩容
~]# kubectl get pods -w    #动态查看缩容过程
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-statefulset-0   1/1     Running   0          17m
nginx-statefulset-1   1/1     Running   0          17m
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Running   0          17m
nginx-statefulset-3   1/1     Running   0          1m
nginx-statefulset-3   1/1     Terminating   0          20s
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Terminating   0          20s
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Terminating   0          22s
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Terminating   0          22s
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Terminating   0          24s
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          24s
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          36s
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating   0          36s

4.更新策略

StatefulSet的默认更新策略为滚动更新,也可以暂停更新

(1) 滚动更新示例:

~]# kubectl patch sts/nginx-statefulset -p '{"spec":{"replicas":4}}'    #这里先将副本扩容到4个。方便测试
~]# kubectl set image statefulset nginx-statefulset nginx=nginx:1.14    #更新镜像版本
statefulset.apps/nginx-statefulset image updated
~]# kubectl get pods -w    #动态查看更新
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-statefulset-0   1/1     Running   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   1/1     Running   0          18m
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Running   0          13m
nginx-statefulset-3   1/1     Running   0          13m
nginx-statefulset-3   1/1     Terminating   0          13m
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Terminating   0          13m
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Terminating   0          13m
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Terminating   0          13m
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Pending       0          0s
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     Pending       0          0s
nginx-statefulset-3   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-statefulset-3   1/1     Running             0          2s
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Terminating         0          13m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating         0          13m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating         0          14m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Terminating         0          14m
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-statefulset-2   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-statefulset-2   1/1     Running             0          1s
nginx-statefulset-1   1/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-statefulset-1   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-statefulset-1   1/1     Running             0          2s
nginx-statefulset-0   1/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Terminating         0          18m
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-statefulset-0   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-statefulset-0   1/1     Running             0          2s

~]# kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-pod -o custom-columns=NAME:metadata.name,IMAGE:spec.containers[0].image    #查看更新完成后的镜像版本
NAME                  IMAGE
nginx-statefulset-0   nginx:1.14
nginx-statefulset-1   nginx:1.14
nginx-statefulset-2   nginx:1.14
nginx-statefulset-3   nginx:1.14   

通过上面示例可以看出,默认为滚动更新,倒序更新,更新完成一个接着更新下一个。

(2) 暂停更新示例:
有时候设定了一个更新操作,但是又不希望一次性全部更新完成,想先更新几个,观察其是否稳定,然后再更新所有的。这时候只需要将.spec.spec.updateStrategy.rollingUpdate.partition字段的值进行修改即可。(默认值为0,所以我们看到了更新效果为上面那样,全部更新)。该字段表示如果设置为2,那么只有当编号大于等于2的才会进行更新。类似于金丝雀的发布方式。示例如下:

~]# kubectl patch sts/nginx-statefulset -p '{"spec":{"updateStrategy":{"rollingUpdate":{"partition":2}}}}}'     #将更新值partition设置为2
~]# kubectl set image statefulset nginx-statefulset nginx=nginx:1.12    #更新镜像版本
statefulset.apps/nginx-statefulset image updated
~]# kubectl get pods -w
~]# kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-pod -o custom-columns=NAME:metadata.name,IMAGE:spec.containers[0].image    #查看更新完成后的镜像版本,可以发现只有当编号大于等于2的进行了更新。
NAME                  IMAGE
nginx-statefulset-0   nginx:1.14
nginx-statefulset-1   nginx:1.14
nginx-statefulset-2   nginx:1.12
nginx-statefulset-3   nginx:1.12

将剩余的也全部更新,只需要将更新策略的partition的值改为0即可,如下:
~]# kubectl patch sts/nginx-statefulset -p '{"spec":{"updateStrategy":{"rollingUpdate":{"partition":0}}}}}'    #将更新值partition设置为0
statefulset.apps/nginx-statefulset patche
~]# kubectl get pods -w    #动态查看更新
posted @ 2022-04-15 20:30  彬彬l  阅读(73)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报