【中等】13-罗马数字转整数 Roman to Integer
题目
Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.
罗马数字包含以下七种字符: I, V, X, L,C,D 和 M。
字符 数值
I 1
V 5
X 10
L 50
C 100
D 500
M 1000
For example, two is written as II in Roman numeral, just two one's added together. Twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X + II. The number twenty seven is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.
例如, 罗马数字 2 写做 II ,即为两个并列的 1。12 写做 XII ,即为 X + II 。 27 写做 XXVII, 即为 XX + V + II 。
Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:
I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9.
X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.
C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.
通常情况下,罗马数字中小的数字在大的数字的右边。但也存在特例,例如 4 不写做 IIII,而是 IV。数字 1 在数字 5 的左边,所表示的数等于大数 5 减小数 1 得到的数值 4 。同样地,数字 9 表示为 IX。这个特殊的规则只适用于以下六种情况:
I 可以放在 V (5) 和 X (10) 的左边,来表示 4 和 9。
X 可以放在 L (50) 和 C (100) 的左边,来表示 40 和 90。
C 可以放在 D (500) 和 M (1000) 的左边,来表示 400 和 900。
Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer. Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.
给定一个罗马数字,将其转换成整数。输入确保在 1 到 3999 的范围内。
Example1
Input: "III"
Output: 3
Example2
Input: "IV"
Output: 4
Example3
Input: "IX"
Output: 9
Example4
Input: "LVIII"
Output: 58
Explanation: L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.
Example5
Input: "MCMXCIV"
Output: 1994
Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.
来源:力扣(LeetCode)
链接:https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/roman-to-integer
解法
方法一:前减后加
解题思路
在罗马数字字符串中,只需要逐位加上字符映射的数字即可,映射值越大的字符应该是越早出现的,唯一不同的是4和9是由两个字符表示的,如果出现前面比后面字符代表值小的情况,就代表出现了两个字符的数字,如IV IX等,以4为例,IV = V-I,如果I在V后面,就是VI = V + I,也就是说,如果当前的字符比后面的字符小,那么就减去这个字符,否则是加上这个字符。
代码
class Solution {
public:
int romanToInt(string s) {
map<char, int> dict;
dict['I'] = 1;
dict['V'] = 5;
dict['X'] = 10;
dict['L'] = 50;
dict['C'] = 100;
dict['D'] = 500;
dict['M'] = 1000;
int size = s.size(), res = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < size-1; ++i){
if(dict[s[i+1]] > dict[s[i]]) res -= dict[s[i]];
else res += dict[s[i]];
}
res += dict[s[size-1]];
return res;
}
};
方法二:4,9定义为字符串
解题思路
在罗马数字字符串中,只需要逐位加上字符映射的数字即可,而对于4,9等数字,都是由两个字符组成的,所以,我们对4 9 40 90 400 900都创建映射值,遍历过程中先检查两个字符是否可以构成一个有效罗马数字,如果可以,就添加对应的的数字,否则就只添加当前的1位字符
代码
class Solution {
public:
int romanToInt(string s) {
map<string, int> dict;
dict["I"] = 1;
dict["IV"] = 4;
dict["V"] = 5;
dict["IX"] = 9;
dict["X"] = 10;
dict["XL"] = 40;
dict["L"] = 50;
dict["XC"] = 90;
dict["C"] = 100;
dict["CD"] = 400;
dict["D"] = 500;
dict["CM"] = 900;
dict["M"] = 1000;
int size = s.size(), res = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < size; ++i){
if(i < size-1 && dict.find(s.substr(i, 2))!=dict.end()){
res += dict[s.substr(i,2)];
i++;
}
else res += dict[s.substr(i,1)];
}
return res;
}
};