实验6：开源控制器实践——RYU
一、基本要求
- 建立拓扑：sudo mn --topo=single,3 --mac --controller=remote,ip=127.0.0.1,port=6633 --switch ovsk,protocols=OpenFlow10
- 连接ryu: ryu-manager gui_topology.py --observe-links
1、通过Ryu的图形界面查看网络拓扑（http://192.168.43.209:8080）
2、阅读Ryu文档的The First Application一节，运行当中的L2Switch，h1 ping h2，在目标主机使用 tcpdump 验证L2Switch，分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同。
- 运行L2Switch（ryu-manager L2Switch.py）
- 打开终端：xterm h2 h3；在终端输入：(tcpdump -nn -i h2-eth0)(tcpdump -nn -i h3-eth0)
- L2Switch和POX的Hub模块不同：Hub和L2Switch模块都是洪泛转发，但L2Switch模块下发的流表无法查看，而Hub模块下发的流表可以查看
3、编程修改L2Switch.py，改为L2032002225.py，使之和POX的Hub模块变得一致。
代码
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER, CONFIG_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
class hub(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(hub, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_feathers_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow table-miss flow entry
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER, ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
# 1\OUTPUT PORT, 2\BUFF IN SWITCH?
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions):
# 1\ datapath for the switch, 2\priority for flow entry, 3\match field, 4\action for packet
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow
inst = [ofp_parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS, actions)]
mod = ofp_parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority, match=match, instructions=inst)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # get in port of the packet
# add a flow entry for the packet
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
# to output the current packet. for install rules only output later packets
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=in_port, actions=actions)
# buffer id: locate the buffered packet
datapath.send_msg(out)
- 查看流表（dpctl dump-flows）
二、进阶要求
1.simple_switch_13.py其代码的注释:
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# 引入数据包
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp): #继承了ryu.base.app_manager
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION] # 定义openflow版本，为1.3
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {} #self.mac_to_port是一个保存(交换机id, mac地址)到转发端口的字典，保存mac地址到端口的一个映射。
#开始处理SwitchFeatures事件
#控制器事件（Event)，Event具体见ryu/controller/ofp_event.py，其事件名称是由接收到的报文类型来命名的，名字为Event+报文类型，例如本例中，控制器收到的是交换机发送的FEATURE_REPLY 报文,所以事件名称为EventOFPSwitchFeatures。所以本事件其实就是当控制器接收到FEATURE_REPLY报文触发。
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath #datapath存储交换机的信息
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch() #match指流表项匹配，这里OFPMatch()指不匹配任何信息
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)] #actions是动作，表示匹配成功不缓存数据包并发送给控制器
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions) #add_flow是添加流表项的函数,我们可以从add_flow的函数中看到其调用了send_msg(mod),因此本函数的目的即为下发流表。
# add_flow()增加流表项
# priority：此规则的优先权
# match：此规则的 Match 条件
# actions：动作
# 参数有datapath，优先级，匹配项，动作，buffer_id；
# 此流表项匹配成功后应立即执行所规定的动作。如果此函数参数有buffer_id(就是交换机发送来的数据包有buffer_id，即交换机有缓存），那发送的Flow_Mod报文就带上buffer_id，若没有buffer_id，buffer_id就是None。最后，发出Flow_Mod报文
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None):
# 获取交换机信息
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# 对action进行包装
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
# 判断是否存在buffer_id，并生成mod对象
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst)
# 发送出去
datapath.send_msg(mod)
#处理处理PacketIn事件，说明控制器在MAIN_DISPATCHER状态并且触发Packet_In事件时调用_packet_in_handler函数
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len: #传输出错，打印debug信息
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
#开始解析数据结构
#这里是从接收到的Packet_In报文中取出各种信息，如果报文是lldp报文，忽略它。随后用此dpid（交换机id)初始化mac_to_port，并在日志打印此Packet_In的基本信息。
msg = ev.msg # ev.msg 是代表packet_in data structure对象
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
# dp. ofproto 和 dp.ofproto_parser 是代表 Ryu 和交换机谈判的 OpenFlow 协议的对象
# dp.ofproto and dp.ofproto_parser are objects that represent the OpenFlow protocol that Ryu and the switch negotiated
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # 获取源端口
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst # 获取目的端口
src = eth.src # 获取源端口
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
# 学习包的源地址，和交换机上的入端口绑定
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port #交换机自学习，取来往数据包的交换机id、源mac和入端口绑定来构造表。
# 查看是否已经学习过该目的mac地址
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]: #若在表中找到出端口信息，指示出端口（存放mac地址到交换机端口的映射。）
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD # OFPP_FLOOD标志表示应在所有端口发送数据包，即洪泛
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]
# 下发流表避免下次触发 packet in 事件
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:#有buffer_id，带上buffer_id，然后只发送Flow_mod报文，因为交换机已经有缓存数据包，就不需要发送packet_out报文
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)#add_flow函数内部就已发送了Flow_mod报文。，后面不用send_msg()
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)#若没有buffer_id，发送的Flow_Mod报文就无需要带上buffer_id，但是下一步要再发送一个Packet_out报文带上原数据包信息。
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
#发送Packet_out数据包 带上交换机发来的数据包的信息
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
# 发送流表
datapath.send_msg(out)
a)代码当中的mac_to_port的作用
存放mac地址到交换机端口的映射。
b)simple_switch和simple_switch_13在dpid的输出上不同:
simple_switch_13会把dpid用前置0填充到16位，而simple_switch不会填充而是直接输出。
c)相比simple_switch，simple_switch_13增加的switch_feature_handler实现的功能:
实现了交换机以特性应答消息来响应特性请求的功能。
d)simple_switch_13实现流规则下发的方法：
在触发Packet_In事件后，会先解析相关数据结构，获取协议信息、获取源端口、包学习，交换机信息，以太网信息等。
如果以太网类型是LLDP类型，则忽略。
如果以太网类型不是LLDP类型，则获取目的端口、源端口还有交换机id。然后进行交换机自学习，先学习源地址对应的交换机的入端口，再查看是否已经学习目的mac地址，如果没有就洪泛转发。
如果学习过，则查看是否有buffer_id，如果有则在添加流时加上buffer_id，向交换机发送数据包和流表。
e)switch_features_handler和_packet_in_handler两个事件在发送流规则的优先级上的不同：
switch_features_handler优先级比_packet_in_handler要高。
2、编程实现和ODL实验的一样的硬超时功能。
代码032002225timeout.py(ryu-manager 032002225timeout.py调用)
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {}
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None, hard_timeout=0):
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port']
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst
src = eth.src
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]\
actions_timeout=[]
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
hard_timeout=5
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match,actions_timeout, msg.buffer_id,hard_timeout)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match, actions_timeout, hard_timeout=5)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
datapath.send_msg(out)
- h1 ping h3，hard_timeout = 5
三、个人总结
基础部分我感觉还是挺简单的（相比较与实验四和实验五来说）
但是在实验过程中，“编程修改L2Switch.py，改为L2032002225.py，使之和POX的Hub模块变得一致”这一步的时候，总是ping不同。
后来询问了其他同学要把构建拓扑的sudo mn --topo=single,3 --mac --controller=remote,ip=127.0.0.1,port=6633 --switch ovsk,protocols=OpenFlow10
中的“,protocols=OpenFlow10”语句删除。
进阶部分我感觉难度挺高的，是在同学的帮助下才把注释理解完并了解了各个文件的不同。
编写“编程实现和ODL实验的一样的硬超时功能”后，刚开始无法实现硬中断，后来修改了各命令的顺序解决了这个问题。
