转:SQL 索引最左前缀原理
表结构和索引列
假设数据库中表是这样的:
我们只考虑一张表employees.titles:
索引是(emp_no,title,from_date)
SHOW INDEX FROM employees.titles;
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Null | Index_type |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | emp_no | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | title | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 3 | from_date | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
| titles | 1 | emp_no | 1 | emp_no | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
titles表的主索引为<emp_no, title, from_date>
,还有一个辅助索引<emp_no>
。
为了避免多个索引使事情变复杂(MySQL的SQL优化器在多索引时行为比较复杂),这里我们将辅助索引drop掉:
ALTER TABLE employees.titles DROP INDEX emp_no;
下面分情况讨论,注意每个查询结果的key_len
,key_len
越长,索引用到的越多
全列匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
当按照索引中所有列进行精确匹配(这里精确匹指“=”或“IN”匹配)时,索引可以被用到。
这里有一点需要注意,理论上索引对顺序是敏感的,但是由于MySQL的查询优化器会自动调整where子句的条件顺序以使用适合的索引,例如将where中的条件顺序颠倒:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26' AND emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
依然能触发索引
最左前缀匹配
比如(emp_no,title)
查询是可以触发索引的
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
查询条件用到了索引中列的精确匹配,但是中间某个条件未提供
比如查询(emp_no,from_date)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
这样只会触发emp_no
索引,而后面的from_date
虽然也在索引中,但是由于title
不存在而无法和左前缀连接,因此需要对结果进行扫描过滤from_date
。
如果想让from_date也使用索引而不是where过滤,可以增加一个辅助索引<emp_no, from_date>
,此时上面的查询会使用这个索引。
除此之外,还可以使用一种称之为“隔离列”的优化方法,将emp_no
与from_date
之间的“坑”填上。
首先我们看下title一共有几种不同的值:
SELECT DISTINCT(title) FROM employees.titles;
+--------------------+
| title |
+--------------------+
| Senior Engineer |
| Staff |
| Engineer |
| Senior Staff |
| Assistant Engineer |
| Technique Leader |
| Manager |
+--------------------+
只有7种。在这种成为“坑”的列值比较少的情况下,可以考虑用“IN”来填补这个“坑”从而形成最左前缀:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no='10001'
AND title IN ('Senior Engineer', 'Staff', 'Engineer', 'Senior Staff', 'Assistant Engineer', 'Technique Leader', 'Manager')
AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | NULL | 7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
这次key_len为59,说明索引被用全了,但是从type和rows看出IN实际上执行了一个range查询,这里检查了7个key。
如果title的值很多,用填坑就不合适了,必须建立辅助索引。
查询条件没有指定索引第一列
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
不是最左前缀不会触发
匹配某列的前缀字符串
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title LIKE 'Senior%';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 56 | NULL | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
此时可以用到索引,但是如果通配符不是只出现在末尾,则无法使用索引。(原文表述有误,如果通配符%不出现在开头,则可以用到索引,但根据具体情况不同可能只会用其中一个前缀)
范围查询
范围列可以用到索引(必须是最左前缀),但是范围列后面的列无法用到索引。同时,索引最多用于一个范围列,因此如果查询条件中有两个范围列则无法全用到索引。
比如:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no < '10010' and title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
可以触发(emp_no ,title)
索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no < 10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
也是只能触发(emp_no ,title)
索引
用了“between”并不意味着就是范围查询,例如下面的查询:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no BETWEEN '10001' AND '10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | NULL | 16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
看起来是用了两个范围查询,但作用于emp_no
上的“BETWEEN”实际上相当于“IN”,也就是说emp_no
实际是多值精确匹配。可以看到这个查询用到了索引全部三个列。因此在MySQL中要谨慎地区分多值匹配和范围匹配,否则会对MySQL的行为产生困惑。
查询条件中含有函数或表达式
MySQL不会为这列使用索引,比如:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND left(title, 6)='Senior';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
虽然这个查询和情况五中功能相同,但是由于使用了函数left,则无法为title列应用索引,而情况五中用LIKE则可以。
再如:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no - 1='10000';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
显然这个查询等价于查询emp_no为10001的函数,但是由于查询条件是一个表达式,MySQL无法为其使用索引。看来MySQL还没有智能到自动优化常量表达式的程度,因此在写查询语句时尽量避免表达式出现在查询中,而是先手工私下代数运算,转换为无表达式的查询语句。
最左前缀原理
假设联合索引是state/city/zipCode
那么state就是第一关,city是第二关,zipCode就是第三关
必须匹配了第一关,才能匹配第二关,匹配了第一关和第二关,才能匹配第三关
你不能直接到第二关的
索引的格式就是第一层是state,第二层才是city
多列索引是先按照第一列进行排序,然后在第一列排好序的基础上再对第二列排序,如果没有第一列的话,直接访问第二列,那第二列肯定是无序的,直接访问后面的列就用不到索引了
举例说明
假设数据 表T (a,b,c) rowid 为物理位置
rowid a b c
(1) 1 1 1
(2) 2 1 13
(3) 2 2 14
(4) 1 3 3
(5) 2 3 12
(6) 1 2 5
(7) 2 3 9
(8) 1 2 2
(9) 1 3 6
(10) 2 2 11
(11) 2 2 8
(12) 1 1 7
(13) 2 3 15
(14) 1 1 4
(15) 2 1 10
当你创建一个索引 create index xxx on t(a,b), 则索引文件逻辑上等同于如下
a b rowid
1 1 1
1 1 12
1 1 14
1 2 6
1 2 8
1 3 4
1 3 9
2 1 2
2 1 15
2 2 3
2 2 10
2 2 11
2 3 5
2 3 7
2 3 13
当select * from T where a=1 and b=3 的时候, 数据库系统可以直接从索引文件中直接二分法找到A=1的记录,然后再B=3的记录。
但如果你 where b=3 则需要遍历这个索引表的全部!