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[Swift]多维数组的表示和存储:N维数组映射到一维数组(一一对应)!

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数组:有序的元素序列。 若将有限个类型相同的变量的集合命名,那么这个名称为数组名。组成数组的各个变量称为数组的分量,也称为数组的元素,有时也称为下标变量。用于区分数组的各个元素的数字编号称为下标。数组是在程序设计中,为了处理方便, 把具有相同类型的若干元素按无序的形式组织起来的一种形式。这些无序排列的同类数据元素的集合称为数组。数组是用于储存多个相同类型数据的集合。

二维数组:本质上是以数组作为数组元素的数组,即“数组的数组”。二维数组又称为矩阵,行列数相等的矩阵称为方阵。

  对称矩阵:a[i][j] = a[j][i]

  对角矩阵:n阶方阵主对角线外都是零元素

三维数组:指维数为三的数组结构。三维数组是最常见的多维数组,由于其可以用来描述三维空间中的位置或状态而被广泛使用。

定义二维数组

 1 //方式1
 2 var arr1 = [[Int]]()
 3 print(arr1)
 4 //Print []
 5 
 6 //方式2
 7 var arr2 = Array<Array<Int>>()
 8 print(arr2)
 9 //Print []
10 
11 //方式3:定义3列4行的二维数组,元素初始化为0
12 var arr3 = [[Int]](repeating: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 3), count: 4)
13 print(arr3)
14 //Print [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]

二维数组的遍历

 1 //遍历行
 2 for row in arr3 
 3 {
 4     print(row)
 5     //Print [0, 0, 0]
 6     //遍历列
 7     for col in row
 8     {
 9         //从左到右,从上到下进行遍历
10         print(col)
11         //Print 0
12     }
13 }

定义三维数组

 1 //方式1
 2 var arr1 = [[[Int]]]()
 3 print(arr1)
 4 //Print []
 5 
 6 //方式2
 7 var arr2 = Array<Array<Array<Int>>>()
 8 print(arr2)
 9 //Print []
10 
11 //方式3:定义三维数组,元素初始化为0,由内往外
12 var arr3 = [[[Int]]](repeating: [[Int]](repeating: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 2), count: 3), count: 4)
13 print(arr3)
14 //2个元素的一维数组,3个元素的二维数组,4个元素的三位数组
15 /*
16 [
17     [
18         [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]
19     ],
20     [
21         [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]
22     ],
23     [
24         [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]
25     ],
26     [
27         [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]
28     ]
29 ]
30 */

三维数组的遍历

 1 //遍历高height
 2 for height in arr3 
 3 {
 4     print(height)
 5     //Print [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]]
 6     //遍历长depth
 7     for depth in height
 8     {
 9         print(depth)
10         //Print [0, 0]
11         //遍历宽width
12         for width in depth
13         {
14             print(width)
15             //Print 0
16         }
17     }
18 }

使用函数来创建多维数组

1 //num:元素个数
2 //value:元素初始值
3 func dimension<T>(_ num: Int, _ value: T) -> [T] {
4   return [T](repeating: value, count: num)
5 }

示例代码:

 1 //用嵌套的方式创建多维数组
 2 //创建一维数组
 3 let arr1 = dimension(1,0)
 4 print(arr1)
 5 //Print [0]
 6 
 7 //创建二维数组
 8 let arr2 = dimension(2,arr1)
 9 //即:let arr2 = dimension(2,dimension(1,0))
10 print(arr2)
11 //Print [[0], [0]]
12 
13 //创建三维数组
14 let arr3 = dimension(3,arr2)
15 //即:let arr3 = dimension(3,dimension(2,dimension(1,0)))
16 print(arr3)
17 //Print [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]
18 
19 //创建四维数组
20 let arr4 = dimension(4,arr3)
21 //即:let arr4 = dimension(4,dimension(3,dimension(2,dimension(1,0))))
22 print(arr4)
23 //Print [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]]
24 
25 //创建五维数组
26 let arr5 = dimension(5,arr4)
27 //即:arr5 = dimension(5,dimension(4,dimension(3,dimension(2,dimension(1,0)))))
28 print(arr5)
29 //Print [[[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]]]
30 
31 //......

使用函数嵌套的方法创建多维数组有一个很大的缺陷:无法明确维度所代表的意义。

所以,可以考虑使用一维数组存储多维数组的数据。

创建一个Array2D类,用一维数组存储二维数组的数据。

此时我们只需关注“列”和“行”的数值,细节交由Array2D来处理,这就是将原始数据类型包装成包装器类型或结构体的优点。

二维数组A[rows][columns]放到一维数组B中的对应公式:

两种方式 :

(1)、按行遍历 

A[i][j] = B[ i + j * rows ]

(2)、按列遍历

A[i][j] = B[ i * columns + j ]

 1 public struct Array2D<T> {
 2     //列数
 3     public let columns:Int 
 4     //行数
 5     public let rows:Int 
 6     fileprivate var array: [T]
 7     
 8     //初始化
 9     public init(columns: Int, rows: Int, initialValue: T) {
10         self.columns = columns
11         self.rows = rows
12         array = .init(repeating: initialValue, count: rows*columns)
13     }
14     
15     //subscript函数可以检索数组中的值
16     public subscript(column: Int, row: Int) -> T {
17         //读取
18         get {
19              //先决条件
20             precondition(column <= columns, "Column \(column) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: \(columns), rows:\(rows))")
21             precondition(row <= rows, "Row \(row) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: \(columns), rows:\(rows))")
22             return array[row * columns + column]
23             //或 return array[row + column * rows]
24         }
25         //写入
26         set {
27              //先决条件
28             precondition(column <= columns, "Column \(column) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: \(columns), rows:\(rows))")
29             precondition(row <= rows, "Row \(row) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: \(columns), rows:\(rows))")
30             array[row * columns + column] = newValue
31             //或 array[row + column * rows] = newValue
32         }
33     }
34 }

示例代码:

 1 // 创建一个二维数组的实例
 2 var arr2D = Array2D(columns: 2, rows:3, initialValue: 0)
 3 print(arr2D)
 4 //Print Array2D<Int>(columns: 2, rows: 3, array: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
 5 
 6 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的元素值
 7 let num = arr2D[1, 1]
 8 print(num)
 9 //Print 0
10 
11 //给数组中的元素赋值
12 arr2D[1, 1] = 88
13 print(arr2D[1, 1])
14 //Print 88

创建一个Array3D类,用一维数组存储三维维数组的数据。

此时我们只需关注“长”、“宽”和“高”的数值,细节交由Array3D来处理,这就是将原始数据类型包装成包装器类型或结构体的优点。

三维数组A[widths][depths][heights]放到一维数组B中的对应公式:
A[i][j][k] = B[ ( i - 1 ) * ( depths * heights ) + ( j - 1 ) * heights + k ]

 1 public struct Array3D<T> {
 2     //
 3     public let widths:Int
 4     //
 5     public let depths:Int
 6     //
 7     public let heights:Int
 8     fileprivate var array: [T]
 9     
10     //初始化
11     public init(widths: Int, depths: Int, heights: Int, initialValue: T) {
12         self.widths = widths
13         self.depths = depths
14         self.heights = heights
15         array = .init(repeating: initialValue, count: widths * depths * heights)
16     }
17     
18     //subscript函数可以检索数组中的值
19     public subscript(width: Int, depth: Int, height: Int) -> T {
20         //读取
21         get {
22             //先决条件
23             precondition(width <= widths, "Width \(width) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: \(widths), depths:\(depths), heights:\(heights))")
24             precondition(depth <= depths, "Depth \(depth) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: \(widths), depths:\(depths), heights:\(heights))")
25             precondition(height <= heights, "Height \(height) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: \(widths), depths:\(depths), heights:\(heights))")
26             return array[(width - 1) * (depths * heights) + (depth - 1) * heights + height]
27         }
28         //写入
29         set {
30              //先决条件
31             precondition(width <= widths, "Width \(width) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: \(widths), depths:\(depths), heights:\(heights))")
32             precondition(depth <= depths, "Depth \(depth) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: \(widths), depths:\(depths), heights:\(heights))")
33             precondition(height <= heights, "Height \(height) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: \(widths), depths:\(depths), heights:\(heights))")
34             array[(width - 1) * (depths * heights) + (depth - 1) * heights + height] = newValue
35         }
36     }
37 }

示例代码:

 1 // 创建一个三维数组的实例
 2 var arr3D = Array3D(widths: 2, depths: 3, heights: 4, initialValue: 0)
 3 print(arr3D)
 4 //Print Array3D<Int>(widths: 2, depths: 3, heights: 4, array: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
 5 
 6 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的元素值
 7 let num = arr3D[1, 1, 1]
 8 print(num)
 9 //Print 0
10 
11 //给数组中的元素赋值
12 arr3D[1, 1, 1] = 88
13 print(arr3D[1, 1, 1])
14 //Print 88

四维维数组A[a][b][c][d]放到一维数组B中的对应公式:

A[i][j][k][w] = B[(i - 1) * (b * c * d) + (j - 1) * (c * d) + (k - 1) * d + w]

归纳演绎......

N维数组映射到一维数组

由此及彼,由表及里,归纳总结,创建一个Dim类,用一维数组存储n维数组的数据,

此时我们只需关注每一个维度的数值,细节交由Dim来处理,这就是将原始数据类型包装成包装器类型或结构体的优点。

深入思考:

(1)、多维度中各维度所表示意义的顺序可以任意确定,确定维度顺序之后,就按照既定的维度顺序进行对一维数组进行读写。

(2)、如同二维数组中可以按照行遍历或者按照列遍历一样。多维数组也可以任意确定多维数组中下标i、j、k、w、...的顺序。

下标顺序确定之后就不可变更,根据下标顺序得出对应公式,公式从上文中请归纳,就按照既定的下标顺序进行对一维数组进行读写。

 1 public struct Dim<T> {
 2     //用一个数组来接收维度信息
 3     //元素个数为维度
 4     //元素数值为对应维度的具体数量
 5     public let dimension:[Int]
 6     fileprivate var array:[T]
 7     //只能初始化一次
 8     public let product:Int
 9     //数组信息
10     public let arrayInfo:String
11     
12     //初始化
13     public init(dimension:[Int], initialValue: T) {
14         self.dimension = dimension
15         //数组各元素求积reduce(1)
16         //用于一维数组保存多维数组的信息
17         self.product = dimension.reduce(1) {$0 * $1}
18         //初始化数组
19         array = .init(repeating: initialValue, count: product)
20         //初始化维度信息
21         var str:String = " Array<T>("
22         for i in 0...(dimension.count - 1)
23         {
24            str += String(i + 1) + "Dimension: \(dimension[i])," 
25         }
26         //删除最后一个字符串‘,’
27         str.remove(at: str.index(before: str.endIndex))
28         str += ")"
29         arrayInfo = str
30     }
31     
32     //subscript函数可以检索数组中的值
33     //T?:读取时如果输入的维度不等于原维度则返回nil
34     //取值需使用强制解包
35     public subscript(_ numbers: Int...) -> T? {
36         //读取
37         get 
38         {
39             //判断元素个数是否等于维度数组个数
40             if numbers.count == dimension.count
41             {
42                 for i in 0...(dimension.count - 1)
43                 {
44                     //先决条件
45                     precondition( numbers[i] <= dimension[i], "\(String(i + 1))Dimension:\(numbers[i]) Index is out of range. " + arrayInfo)
46                 }
47                 return array[getIndex(numbers)]
48             }
49             return nil
50         }
51         
52         //写入
53         set 
54         {
55             //判断元素个数是否等于维度数组个数
56             if numbers.count == dimension.count
57             {
58                 for i in 0...(dimension.count - 1)
59                 {
60                     //先决条件
61                     precondition( numbers[i] <= dimension[i], "\(String(i + 1))Dimension:\(numbers[i]) Index is out of range. " + arrayInfo)
62                 }                
63                 array[getIndex(numbers)] = newValue!
64             }
65         }
66         
67     }
68     //求解多维数组的元素在一维数组中的索引
69     private func getIndex(_ dim: [Int]) -> Int
70     {
71         var sum:Int = 0
72         for index in 0...(dim.count - 1)
73         {
74            sum += (dim[index] - 1) * getProduct(index)
75         }
76         return sum 
77     }
78     //求部分元素的积
79     private func getProduct(_ index:Int) -> Int
80     {
81         //数组各元素求积
82         var accumulate:Int = 1
83         //加1
84         var front:Int = index + 1
85         let real:Int = dimension.count - 1
86         if real > front
87         {
88             let arr:[Int] = [Int](dimension[front...real])
89             if arr.count != 0
90             {
91                 //数组各元素求积reduce(1)
92                 accumulate = arr.reduce(1){$0 * $1}
93             }
94         }
95         return accumulate
96     }
97 }

Dim类,用一维数组存储n维数组的数据,示例:

 1 // 创建一维数组的实例
 2 var arr1 = Dim(dimension:[3], initialValue: 1)
 3 print(arr1)
 4 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [3], array: [1, 1, 1], product: 3, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 3)")
 5 // 创建二维数组的实例
 6 var arr2 = Dim(dimension:[1,2], initialValue: 2)
 7 print(arr2)
 8 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2], array: [2, 2], product: 2, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2)")
 9 // 创建三维数组的实例
10 var arr3 = Dim(dimension:[1,2,3], initialValue: 3)
11 print(arr3)
12 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3], array: [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3], product: 6, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3)")
13 // 创建四维数组的实例
14 var arr4 = Dim(dimension:[1,2,3,4], initialValue: 4)
15 print(arr4)
16 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4], array: [4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], product: 24, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4)")
17 // 创建五维数组的实例
18 var arr5 = Dim(dimension:[1,2,3,4,5], initialValue: 5)
19 print(arr5)
20 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], array: [5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5], product: 120, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4,5Dimension: 5)")
21 //......
22 
23 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的元素值,Optional为可选类型
24 //一维数组
25 arr1[2] = 11
26 print(arr1)
27 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [3], array: [1, 11, 1], product: 3, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 3)")
28 let num1 = arr1[1]
29 print(num1)
30 //Print Optional(1)
31 //二维数组
32 arr2[1,2] = 22
33 print(arr2)
34 //Print  Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2], array: [2, 22], product: 2, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2)")
35 let num2 = arr2[1,1]
36 print(num2)
37 //Print Optional(22)
38 //三维数组
39 arr3[1,1,1] = 33
40 print(arr3)
41 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3], array: [33, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3], product: 6, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3)")
42 let num3 = arr3[1,1,1]
43 print(num3)
44 //Print Optional(33)
45 //四维数组
46 arr4[1,1,1,1] = 44
47 print(arr4)
48 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4], array: [44, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], product: 24, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4)")
49 let num4 = arr4[1,1,1,1]
50 print(num4)
51 //Print Optional(44)
52 //五维数组
53 arr5[1,1,1,1,1] = 55
54 print(arr5)
55 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], array: [55, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5], product: 120, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4,5Dimension: 5)")
56 let num5 = arr5[1,1,1,1,1]
57 print(num5)
58 //Print Optional(55)
59 //......

 

posted @ 2018-10-24 17:25  为敢技术  阅读(4861)  评论(2编辑  收藏  举报