HarmonyOS:UIAbility组件间的交互
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UIAbility是系统调度的最小单元。在设备内的功能模块之间跳转时,会涉及到启动特定的UIAbility,包括应用内的其他UIAbility、或者其他应用的UIAbility(例如启动三方支付UIAbility)。
本文主要介绍启动应用内的UIAbility组件的方式。应用间的组件跳转详见应用间跳转。
启动应用内的UIAbility
当一个应用内包含多个UIAbility时,存在应用内启动UIAbility的场景。例如在支付应用中从入口UIAbility启动收付款UIAbility。
假设应用中有两个UIAbility:EntryAbility和FuncAbility(可以在同一个Module中,也可以在不同的Module中),需要从EntryAbility的页面中启动FuncAbility。
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在EntryAbility中,通过调用startAbility()方法启动UIAbility,want为UIAbility实例启动的入口参数,其中bundleName为待启动应用的Bundle名称,abilityName为待启动的Ability名称,moduleName在待启动的UIAbility属于不同的Module时添加,parameters为自定义信息参数。示例中的context的获取方式请参见获取UIAbility的上下文信息。
import { common, Want } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit'; const TAG: string = '[Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive]'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; @Entry @Component struct Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive { private context = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext; build() { Column() { //... List({ initialIndex: 0 }) { ListItem() { Row() { //... } .onClick(() => { // context为Ability对象的成员,在非Ability对象内部调用需要 // 将Context对象传递过去 let wantInfo: Want = { deviceId: '', // deviceId为空表示本设备 bundleName: 'com.samples.stagemodelabilitydevelop', moduleName: 'entry', // moduleName非必选 abilityName: 'FuncAbilityA', parameters: { // 自定义信息 info: '来自EntryAbility Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive页面' }, }; // context为调用方UIAbility的UIAbilityContext this.context.startAbility(wantInfo).then(() => { hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, 'startAbility success.'); }).catch((error: BusinessError) => { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, 'startAbility failed.'); }); }) } //... } //... } //... } }
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在FuncAbility的onCreate()或者onNewWant()生命周期回调文件中接收EntryAbility传递过来的参数。
import { AbilityConstant, UIAbility, Want } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; export default class FuncAbilityA extends UIAbility { onCreate(want: Want, launchParam: AbilityConstant.LaunchParam): void { // 接收调用方UIAbility传过来的参数 let funcAbilityWant = want; let info = funcAbilityWant?.parameters?.info; } //... }
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在FuncAbility业务完成之后,如需要停止当前UIAbility实例,在FuncAbility中通过调用terminateSelf()方法实现。
import { common } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; const TAG: string = '[Page_FromStageModel]'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; @Entry @Component struct Page_FromStageModel { build() { Column() { //... Button('FuncAbilityB') .onClick(() => { let context: common.UIAbilityContext = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext; // UIAbilityContext // context为需要停止的UIAbility实例的AbilityContext context.terminateSelf((err) => { if (err.code) { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to terminate self. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); return; } }); }) } //... } }
说明调用terminateSelf()方法停止当前UIAbility实例时,默认会保留该实例的快照(Snapshot),即在最近任务列表中仍然能查看到该实例对应的任务。如不需要保留该实例的快照,可以在其对应UIAbility的module.json5配置文件中,将abilities标签的removeMissionAfterTerminate字段配置为true。
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如需要关闭应用所有的UIAbility实例,可以调用ApplicationContext的killAllProcesses()方法实现关闭应用所有的进程。
启动应用内的UIAbility并获取返回结果
在一个EntryAbility启动另外一个FuncAbility时,希望在被启动的FuncAbility完成相关业务后,能将结果返回给调用方。例如在应用中将入口功能和账号登录功能分别设计为两个独立的UIAbility,在账号登录UIAbility中完成登录操作后,需要将登录的结果返回给入口UIAbility。
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在EntryAbility中,调用startAbilityForResult()接口启动FuncAbility,异步回调中的data用于接收FuncAbility停止自身后返回给EntryAbility的信息。示例中的context的获取方式请参见获取UIAbility的上下文信息。
import { common, Want } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import { promptAction } from '@kit.ArkUI'; import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit'; const TAG: string = '[Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive]'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; @Entry @Component struct Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive { build() { Column() { //... List({ initialIndex: 0 }) { ListItem() { Row() { //... } .onClick(() => { let context: common.UIAbilityContext = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext; // UIAbilityContext const RESULT_CODE: number = 1001; let want: Want = { deviceId: '', // deviceId为空表示本设备 bundleName: 'com.samples.stagemodelabilitydevelop', moduleName: 'entry', // moduleName非必选 abilityName: 'FuncAbilityA', parameters: { // 自定义信息 info: '来自EntryAbility UIAbilityComponentsInteractive页面' } }; context.startAbilityForResult(want).then((data) => { if (data?.resultCode === RESULT_CODE) { // 解析被调用方UIAbility返回的信息 let info = data.want?.parameters?.info; hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, JSON.stringify(info) ?? ''); if (info !== null) { promptAction.showToast({ message: JSON.stringify(info) }); } } hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, JSON.stringify(data.resultCode) ?? ''); }).catch((err: BusinessError) => { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to start ability for result. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); }); }) } //... } //... } //... } }
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在FuncAbility停止自身时,需要调用terminateSelfWithResult()方法,入参abilityResult为FuncAbility需要返回给EntryAbility的信息。
import { common } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; const TAG: string = '[Page_FuncAbilityA]'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; @Entry @Component struct Page_FuncAbilityA { build() { Column() { //... List({ initialIndex: 0 }) { ListItem() { Row() { //... } .onClick(() => { let context: common.UIAbilityContext = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext; // UIAbilityContext const RESULT_CODE: number = 1001; let abilityResult: common.AbilityResult = { resultCode: RESULT_CODE, want: { bundleName: 'com.samples.stagemodelabilitydevelop', moduleName: 'entry', // moduleName非必选 abilityName: 'FuncAbilityB', parameters: { info: '来自FuncAbility Index页面' }, }, }; context.terminateSelfWithResult(abilityResult, (err) => { if (err.code) { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to terminate self with result. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); return; } }); }) } //... } //... } //... } }
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FuncAbility停止自身后,EntryAbility通过startAbilityForResult()方法回调接收被FuncAbility返回的信息,RESULT_CODE需要与前面的数值保持一致。
import { common, Want } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import { promptAction } from '@kit.ArkUI'; import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit'; const TAG: string = '[Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive]'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; @Entry @Component struct Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive { build() { Column() { //... List({ initialIndex: 0 }) { ListItem() { Row() { //... } .onClick(() => { let context: common.UIAbilityContext = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext; // UIAbilityContext const RESULT_CODE: number = 1001; let want: Want = { deviceId: '', // deviceId为空表示本设备 bundleName: 'com.samples.stagemodelabilitydevelop', moduleName: 'entry', // moduleName非必选 abilityName: 'FuncAbilityA', parameters: { // 自定义信息 info: '来自EntryAbility UIAbilityComponentsInteractive页面' } }; context.startAbilityForResult(want).then((data) => { if (data?.resultCode === RESULT_CODE) { // 解析被调用方UIAbility返回的信息 let info = data.want?.parameters?.info; hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, JSON.stringify(info) ?? ''); if (info !== null) { promptAction.showToast({ message: JSON.stringify(info) }); } } hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, JSON.stringify(data.resultCode) ?? ''); }).catch((err: BusinessError) => { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to start ability for result. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); }); }) } //... } //... } //... } }
启动UIAbility的指定页面
概述
一个UIAbility可以对应多个页面,在不同的场景下启动该UIAbility时需要展示不同的页面,例如从一个UIAbility的页面中跳转到另外一个UIAbility时,希望启动目标UIAbility的指定页面。
UIAbility的启动分为两种情况:UIAbility冷启动和UIAbility热启动。
- UIAbility冷启动:指的是UIAbility实例处于完全关闭状态下被启动,这需要完整地加载和初始化UIAbility实例的代码、资源等。
- UIAbility热启动:指的是UIAbility实例已经启动并在前台运行过,由于某些原因切换到后台,再次启动该UIAbility实例,这种情况下可以快速恢复UIAbility实例的状态。
本文主要讲解目标UIAbility冷启动和目标UIAbility热启动两种启动指定页面的场景,以及在讲解启动指定页面之前会讲解到在调用方如何指定启动页面。
调用方UIAbility指定启动页面
调用方UIAbility启动另外一个UIAbility时,通常需要跳转到指定的页面。例如FuncAbility包含两个页面(Index对应首页,Second对应功能A页面),此时需要在传入的want参数中配置指定的页面路径信息,可以通过want中的parameters参数增加一个自定义参数传递页面跳转信息。示例中的context的获取方式请参见获取UIAbility的上下文信息。
import { common, Want } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit'; const TAG: string = '[Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive]'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; @Entry @Component struct Page_UIAbilityComponentsInteractive { build() { Column() { //... List({ initialIndex: 0 }) { ListItem() { Row() { //... } .onClick(() => { let context: common.UIAbilityContext = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext; // UIAbilityContext let want: Want = { deviceId: '', // deviceId为空表示本设备 bundleName: 'com.samples.stagemodelabilityinteraction', moduleName: 'entry', // moduleName非必选 abilityName: 'FuncAbility', parameters: { // 自定义参数传递页面信息 router: 'funcA' } }; // context为调用方UIAbility的UIAbilityContext context.startAbility(want).then(() => { hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, 'Succeeded in starting ability.'); }).catch((err: BusinessError) => { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to start ability. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); }); }) } //... } //... } //... } }
目标UIAbility冷启动
目标UIAbility冷启动时,在目标UIAbility的onCreate()生命周期回调中,接收调用方传过来的参数。然后在目标UIAbility的onWindowStageCreate()生命周期回调中,解析调用方传递过来的want参数,获取到需要加载的页面信息url,传入windowStage.loadContent()方法。
import { AbilityConstant, Want, UIAbility } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import { window, UIContext } from '@kit.ArkUI'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; const TAG: string = '[EntryAbility]'; export default class EntryAbility extends UIAbility { funcAbilityWant: Want | undefined = undefined; uiContext: UIContext | undefined = undefined; onCreate(want: Want, launchParam: AbilityConstant.LaunchParam): void { // 接收调用方UIAbility传过来的参数 this.funcAbilityWant = want; } onWindowStageCreate(windowStage: window.WindowStage): void { // Main window is created, set main page for this ability hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, '%{public}s', 'Ability onWindowStageCreate'); // Main window is created, set main page for this ability let url = 'pages/Index'; if (this.funcAbilityWant?.parameters?.router && this.funcAbilityWant.parameters.router === 'funcA') { url = 'pages/Page_ColdStartUp'; } windowStage.loadContent(url, (err, data) => { // ... }); } }
目标UIAbility热启动
在应用开发中,会遇到目标UIAbility实例之前已经启动过的场景,这时再次启动目标UIAbility时,不会重新走初始化逻辑,只会直接触发onNewWant()生命周期方法。为了实现跳转到指定页面,需要在onNewWant()中解析参数进行处理。
例如短信应用和联系人应用配合使用的场景。
- 用户先打开短信应用,短信应用的UIAbility实例启动,显示短信应用的主页。
- 用户将设备回到桌面界面,短信应用进入后台运行状态。
- 用户打开联系人应用,找到联系人张三。
- 用户点击联系人张三的短信按钮,会重新启动短信应用的UIAbility实例。
- 由于短信应用的UIAbility实例已经启动过了,此时会触发该UIAbility的onNewWant()回调,而不会再走onCreate()和onWindowStageCreate()等初始化逻辑。
图1 目标UIAbility热启动
开发步骤如下所示。
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冷启动短信应用的UIAbility实例时,在onWindowStageCreate()生命周期回调中,通过调用getUIContext()接口获取UI上下文实例UIContext对象。
import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import { Want, UIAbility } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { window, UIContext } from '@kit.ArkUI'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; const TAG: string = '[EntryAbility]'; export default class EntryAbility extends UIAbility { funcAbilityWant: Want | undefined = undefined; uiContext: UIContext | undefined = undefined; // ... onWindowStageCreate(windowStage: window.WindowStage): void { // Main window is created, set main page for this ability hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, '%{public}s', 'Ability onWindowStageCreate'); let url = 'pages/Index'; if (this.funcAbilityWant?.parameters?.router && this.funcAbilityWant.parameters.router === 'funcA') { url = 'pages/Page_ColdStartUp'; } windowStage.loadContent(url, (err, data) => { if (err.code) { return; } let windowClass: window.Window; windowStage.getMainWindow((err, data) => { if (err.code) { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to obtain the main window. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); return; } windowClass = data; this.uiContext = windowClass.getUIContext(); }); hilog.info(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, 'Succeeded in loading the content. Data: %{public}s', JSON.stringify(data) ?? ''); }); } }
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在短信应用UIAbility的onNewWant()回调中解析调用方传递过来的want参数,通过调用UIContext中的getRouter()方法获取Router对象,并进行指定页面的跳转。此时再次启动该短信应用的UIAbility实例时,即可跳转到该短信应用的UIAbility实例的指定页面。
import { AbilityConstant, Want, UIAbility } from '@kit.AbilityKit'; import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit'; import type { Router, UIContext } from '@kit.ArkUI'; import type { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit'; const DOMAIN_NUMBER: number = 0xFF00; const TAG: string = '[EntryAbility]'; export default class EntryAbility extends UIAbility { funcAbilityWant: Want | undefined = undefined; uiContext: UIContext | undefined = undefined; // ... onNewWant(want: Want, launchParam: AbilityConstant.LaunchParam): void { if (want?.parameters?.router && want.parameters.router === 'funcA') { let funcAUrl = 'pages/Page_HotStartUp'; if (this.uiContext) { let router: Router = this.uiContext.getRouter(); router.pushUrl({ url: funcAUrl }).catch((err: BusinessError) => { hilog.error(DOMAIN_NUMBER, TAG, `Failed to push url. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`); }); } } } }
当被调用方UIAbility组件启动模式设置为multiton启动模式时,每次启动都会创建一个新的实例,那么onNewWant()回调就不会被用到。