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[RxSwift]7.1、RxSwift 常用架构:MVVM

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注:博主将坚持每月上线一个新app!!!

MVVM 是 Model-View-ViewModel 的简写。如果你已经对 MVC 非常熟悉了,那么上手 MVVM 也是非常容易的。


MVC

MVC 是 Model-View-Controller 的简写。MVC 主要有三层:

  • Model 数据层,读写数据,保存 App 状态
  • View 页面层,和用户交互,向用户显示页面,反馈用户行为
  • ViewController 逻辑层,更新数据,或者页面,处理业务逻辑

MVC 可以帮助你很好的将数据,页面,逻辑的代码分离开来。使得每一层相对独立。这样你就能够将一些可复用的功能抽离出来,化繁为简。只不过,一旦 App 的交互变复杂,你就会发现 ViewController 将变得十分臃肿。大量代码被添加到控制器中,使得控制器负担过重。此时,你就需要想办法将控制器里面的代码进一步地分离出来,对 APP 进行重新分层。而 MVVM 就是一种进阶的分层方案。


MVVM

MVVM 和 MVC 十分相识。只不过他的分层更加详细:

  • Model 数据层,读写数据,保存 App 状态
  • View 页面层,提供用户输入行为,并且显示输出状态
  • ViewModel 逻辑层,它将用户输入行为,转换成输出状态
  • ViewController 主要负责数据绑定

没错,ViewModel 现在是逻辑层,而控制器只需要负责数据绑定。如此一来控制器的负担就减轻了许多。并且 ViewModel 与控制器以及页面相独立。那么,你就可以跨平台使用它。你也可以很容易地测试它。


示例

这里我们将用 MVVM 来重构输入验证

重构前:

class SimpleValidationViewController : ViewController {

    ...

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        ...

        let usernameValid = usernameOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty
            .map { $0.characters.count >= minimalUsernameLength }
            .share(replay: 1)

        let passwordValid = passwordOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty
            .map { $0.characters.count >= minimalPasswordLength }
            .share(replay: 1)

        let everythingValid = Observable.combineLatest(
              usernameValid,
              passwordValid
            ) { $0 && $1 }
            .share(replay: 1)

        usernameValid
            .bind(to: passwordOutlet.rx.isEnabled)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        usernameValid
            .bind(to: usernameValidOutlet.rx.isHidden)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        passwordValid
            .bind(to: passwordValidOutlet.rx.isHidden)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        everythingValid
            .bind(to: doSomethingOutlet.rx.isEnabled)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        doSomethingOutlet.rx.tap
            .subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] in self?.showAlert() })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)
    }

    ...

}

ViewModel

ViewModel 将用户输入行为,转换成输出的状态:

class SimpleValidationViewModel {

    // 输出
    let usernameValid: Observable<Bool>
    let passwordValid: Observable<Bool>
    let everythingValid: Observable<Bool>

    // 输入 -> 输出
    init(
        username: Observable<String>,
        password: Observable<String>
        ) {

        usernameValid = username
            .map { $0.characters.count >= minimalUsernameLength }
            .share(replay: 1)

        passwordValid = password
            .map { $0.characters.count >= minimalPasswordLength }
            .share(replay: 1)

        everythingValid = Observable.combineLatest(usernameValid, passwordValid) { $0 && $1 }
            .share(replay: 1)

    }
}

输入:

  • username 输入的用户名
  • password 输入的密码

输出:

  • usernameValid 用户名是否有效
  • passwordValid 密码是否有效
  • everythingValid 所有输入是否有效

在 init 方法内部,将输入转换为输出。


ViewController

ViewController 主要负责数据绑定:

class SimpleValidationViewController : ViewController {

    ...

    private var viewModel: SimpleValidationViewModel!

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        ...

        viewModel = SimpleValidationViewModel(
            username: usernameOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
            password: passwordOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable()
        )

        viewModel.usernameValid
            .bind(to: passwordOutlet.rx.isEnabled)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.usernameValid
            .bind(to: usernameValidOutlet.rx.isHidden)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.passwordValid
            .bind(to: passwordValidOutlet.rx.isHidden)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.everythingValid
            .bind(to: doSomethingOutlet.rx.isEnabled)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        doSomethingOutlet.rx.tap
            .subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] in self?.showAlert() })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)
    }

    ...

}

输入:

  • username 将输入的用户名传入 ViewModel
  • password 将输入的密码传入 ViewModel

输出:

  • usernameValid 用用户名是否有效,来控制提示语是否隐藏,密码输入框是否可用
  • passwordValid 用密码是否有效,来控制提示语是否隐藏
  • everythingValid 用两者是否同时有效,来控制按钮是否可点击

当 App 的交互变复杂时,你仍然可以保持控制器结构清晰。这样可以大大的提升代码可读性。将来代码维护起来也就会容易许多了。


示例

本节将用 Github Signup 来演示如何使用 MVVM。

注意⚠️:这里介绍的 MVVM 并不是严格意义上的 MVVM。但我们通常都管它叫 MVVM,而且它配合 RxSwift 使用起来非常方便。如需了解什么是严格意义上的 MVVM,请参考微软的 The MVVM Pattern


Github Signup

这是一个模拟用户注册的程序,你可以在这里下载这个例子


简介

这个 App 主要有这样几个交互:

  • 当用户输入户名时,验证用户名是否有效,是否已被占用,将验证结果显示出来。
  • 当用户输入密码时,验证密码是否有效,将验证结果显示出来。
  • 当用户输入重复密码时,验证重复密码是否相同,将验证结果显示出来。
  • 当所有验证都有效时,注册按钮才可点击。
  • 当点击注册按钮后发起注册请求(模拟),然后将结果显示出来。

Service

// GitHub 网络服务
protocol GitHubAPI {
    func usernameAvailable(_ username: String) -> Observable<Bool>
    func signup(_ username: String, password: String) -> Observable<Bool>
}

// 输入验证服务
protocol GitHubValidationService {
    func validateUsername(_ username: String) -> Observable<ValidationResult>
    func validatePassword(_ password: String) -> ValidationResult
    func validateRepeatedPassword(_ password: String, repeatedPassword: String) -> ValidationResult
}

// 弹框服务
protocol Wireframe {
    func open(url: URL)
    func promptFor<Action: CustomStringConvertible>(_ message: String, cancelAction: Action, actions: [Action]) -> Observable<Action>
}

这里需要集成三个服务:

  • GitHubAPI 提供 GitHub 网络服务
  • GitHubValidationService 提供输入验证服务
  • Wireframe 提供弹框服务

这个例子目前只提供了这三个服务,实际上这一层还可以包含其他的一些服务,例如:数据库,定位,蓝牙...


ViewModel

ViewModel 需要集成这些服务,并且将用户输入,转换为状态输出:

class GithubSignupViewModel1 {

    // 输出
    let validatedUsername: Observable<ValidationResult>
    let validatedPassword: Observable<ValidationResult>
    let validatedPasswordRepeated: Observable<ValidationResult>
    let signupEnabled: Observable<Bool>
    let signedIn: Observable<Bool>
    let signingIn: Observable<Bool>

    // 输入 -> 输出
    init(input: (       // 输入
            username: Observable<String>,
            password: Observable<String>,
            repeatedPassword: Observable<String>,
            loginTaps: Observable<Void>
        ),
        dependency: (   // 服务
            API: GitHubAPI,
            validationService: GitHubValidationService,
            wireframe: Wireframe
        )
    ) {
        ...

        validatedUsername = ...

        validatedPassword = ...

        validatedPasswordRepeated = ...

        ...

        self.signingIn = ...

        ...

        signedIn = ...

        signupEnabled = ...
    }
}

集成服务:

  • API GitHub 网络服务
  • validationService 输入验证服务
  • wireframe 弹框服务

输入:

  • username 输入的用户名
  • password 输入的密码
  • repeatedPassword 重复输入的密码
  • loginTaps 点击登录按钮

输出:

  • validatedUsername 用户名校验结果
  • validatedPassword 密码校验结果
  • validatedPasswordRepeated 重复密码校验结果
  • signupEnabled 是否允许登录
  • signedIn 登录结果
  • signingIn 是否正在登录

在 init 方法内部,将输入转换为输出。


ViewController

ViewController 主要负责数据绑定:

...
class GitHubSignupViewController1 : ViewController {
    @IBOutlet weak var usernameOutlet: UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var usernameValidationOutlet: UILabel!

    @IBOutlet weak var passwordOutlet: UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var passwordValidationOutlet: UILabel!

    @IBOutlet weak var repeatedPasswordOutlet: UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var repeatedPasswordValidationOutlet: UILabel!

    @IBOutlet weak var signupOutlet: UIButton!
    @IBOutlet weak var signingUpOulet: UIActivityIndicatorView!

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        let viewModel = GithubSignupViewModel1(
            input: (
                username: usernameOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
                password: passwordOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
                repeatedPassword: repeatedPasswordOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
                loginTaps: signupOutlet.rx.tap.asObservable()
            ),
            dependency: (
                API: GitHubDefaultAPI.sharedAPI,
                validationService: GitHubDefaultValidationService.sharedValidationService,
                wireframe: DefaultWireframe.shared
            )
        )

        // bind results to  {
        viewModel.signupEnabled
            .subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] valid  in
                self?.signupOutlet.isEnabled = valid
                self?.signupOutlet.alpha = valid ? 1.0 : 0.5
            })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.validatedUsername
            .bind(to: usernameValidationOutlet.rx.validationResult)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.validatedPassword
            .bind(to: passwordValidationOutlet.rx.validationResult)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.validatedPasswordRepeated
            .bind(to: repeatedPasswordValidationOutlet.rx.validationResult)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.signingIn
            .bind(to: signingUpOulet.rx.isAnimating)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.signedIn
            .subscribe(onNext: { signedIn in
                print("User signed in \(signedIn)")
            })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)
        //}

        let tapBackground = UITapGestureRecognizer()
        tapBackground.rx.event
            .subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] _ in
                self?.view.endEditing(true)
            })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)
        view.addGestureRecognizer(tapBackground)
    }
}

将用户行为传入给 ViewModel:

  • username 将用户名输入框的当前文本传入
  • password 将密码输入框的当前文本传入
  • ...

将 ViewModel 的输出状态显示出来:

  • validatedUsername 用对应的 label 将用户名验证结果显示出来
  • validatedPassword 用对应的 label 将密码验证结果显示出来
  • ...

整体结构

以下是全部的核心代码:

// ViewModel
class GithubSignupViewModel1 {
    // outputs {

    let validatedUsername: Observable<ValidationResult>
    let validatedPassword: Observable<ValidationResult>
    let validatedPasswordRepeated: Observable<ValidationResult>

    // Is signup button enabled
    let signupEnabled: Observable<Bool>

    // Has user signed in
    let signedIn: Observable<Bool>

    // Is signing process in progress
    let signingIn: Observable<Bool>

    // }

    init(input: (
            username: Observable<String>,
            password: Observable<String>,
            repeatedPassword: Observable<String>,
            loginTaps: Observable<Void>
        ),
        dependency: (
            API: GitHubAPI,
            validationService: GitHubValidationService,
            wireframe: Wireframe
        )
    ) {
        let API = dependency.API
        let validationService = dependency.validationService
        let wireframe = dependency.wireframe

        /**
         Notice how no subscribe call is being made.
         Everything is just a definition.

         Pure transformation of input sequences to output sequences.
        */

        validatedUsername = input.username
            .flatMapLatest { username in
                return validationService.validateUsername(username)
                    .observeOn(MainScheduler.instance)
                    .catchErrorJustReturn(.failed(message: "Error contacting server"))
            }
            .share(replay: 1)

        validatedPassword = input.password
            .map { password in
                return validationService.validatePassword(password)
            }
            .share(replay: 1)

        validatedPasswordRepeated = Observable.combineLatest(input.password, input.repeatedPassword, resultSelector: validationService.validateRepeatedPassword)
            .share(replay: 1)

        let signingIn = ActivityIndicator()
        self.signingIn = signingIn.asObservable()

        let usernameAndPassword = Observable.combineLatest(input.username, input.password) { ($0, $1) }

        signedIn = input.loginTaps.withLatestFrom(usernameAndPassword)
            .flatMapLatest { (username, password) in
                return API.signup(username, password: password)
                    .observeOn(MainScheduler.instance)
                    .catchErrorJustReturn(false)
                    .trackActivity(signingIn)
            }
            .flatMapLatest { loggedIn -> Observable<Bool> in
                let message = loggedIn ? "Mock: Signed in to GitHub." : "Mock: Sign in to GitHub failed"
                return wireframe.promptFor(message, cancelAction: "OK", actions: [])
                    // propagate original value
                    .map { _ in
                        loggedIn
                    }
            }
            .share(replay: 1)

        signupEnabled = Observable.combineLatest(
            validatedUsername,
            validatedPassword,
            validatedPasswordRepeated,
            signingIn.asObservable()
        )   { username, password, repeatPassword, signingIn in
                username.isValid &&
                password.isValid &&
                repeatPassword.isValid &&
                !signingIn
            }
            .distinctUntilChanged()
            .share(replay: 1)
    }
}

// ViewController
class GitHubSignupViewController1 : ViewController {
    @IBOutlet weak var usernameOutlet: UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var usernameValidationOutlet: UILabel!

    @IBOutlet weak var passwordOutlet: UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var passwordValidationOutlet: UILabel!

    @IBOutlet weak var repeatedPasswordOutlet: UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var repeatedPasswordValidationOutlet: UILabel!

    @IBOutlet weak var signupOutlet: UIButton!
    @IBOutlet weak var signingUpOulet: UIActivityIndicatorView!

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        let viewModel = GithubSignupViewModel1(
            input: (
                username: usernameOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
                password: passwordOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
                repeatedPassword: repeatedPasswordOutlet.rx.text.orEmpty.asObservable(),
                loginTaps: signupOutlet.rx.tap.asObservable()
            ),
            dependency: (
                API: GitHubDefaultAPI.sharedAPI,
                validationService: GitHubDefaultValidationService.sharedValidationService,
                wireframe: DefaultWireframe.shared
            )
        )

        // bind results to  {
        viewModel.signupEnabled
            .subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] valid  in
                self?.signupOutlet.isEnabled = valid
                self?.signupOutlet.alpha = valid ? 1.0 : 0.5
            })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.validatedUsername
            .bind(to: usernameValidationOutlet.rx.validationResult)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.validatedPassword
            .bind(to: passwordValidationOutlet.rx.validationResult)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.validatedPasswordRepeated
            .bind(to: repeatedPasswordValidationOutlet.rx.validationResult)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.signingIn
            .bind(to: signingUpOulet.rx.isAnimating)
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)

        viewModel.signedIn
            .subscribe(onNext: { signedIn in
                print("User signed in \(signedIn)")
            })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)
        //}

        let tapBackground = UITapGestureRecognizer()
        tapBackground.rx.event
            .subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] _ in
                self?.view.endEditing(true)
            })
            .disposed(by: disposeBag)
        view.addGestureRecognizer(tapBackground)
    }
}

这里还有一个 Driver 版的演示代码,有兴趣的同学可以了解一下。

 

posted @ 2020-08-29 09:42  为敢技术  阅读(1532)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报