row_number() over(partition byCOL1 order by COL2)

row_number() over(partition byCOL1 order by COL2) 表示根据COL1分组，在分组内部根据 COL2排序，而此函数计算的值就表示每组内部排序后的顺序编号（组内连续的唯一的).
  与rownum的区别在于：使用rownum进行排序的时候是先对结果集加入伪列rownum然后再进行排序，而此函数在包含排序从句后是先排序再计算行号码．

  row_number()和rownum差不多，功能更强一点（可以在各个分组内从1开时排序）．

  rank()是跳跃排序，有两个第二名时接下来就是第四名（同样是在各个分组内）．

  dense_rank()l是连续排序，有两个第二名时仍然跟着第三名。相比之下row_number是没有重复值的 ．

  lag（arg1,arg2,arg3):
arg1是从其他行返回的表达式
arg2是希望检索的当前行分区的偏移量。是一个正的偏移量，时一个往回检索以前的行的数目。
arg3是在arg2表示的数目超出了分组的范围时返回的值。

看几个SQL语句:

语句一:

select row_number() over(order by sale/cnt desc) as sort, sale/cnt
from (
select -60 as sale,3 as cnt from dual union
select 24 as sale,6 as cnt from dual union
select 50 as sale,5 as cnt from dual union
select -20 as sale,2 as cnt from dual union
select 40 as sale,8 as cnt from dual);

执行结果:

          SORT       SALE/CNT
---------- ----------
             1             10
             2              5
             3              4
             4            -10
             5            -20


语句二:查询员工的工资,按部门排序

select ename,sal,row_number() over (partition by deptno order by sal desc) as sal_order from scott.emp;

执行结果:

ENAME                           SAL      SAL_ORDER
-------------------- ---------- ----------
KING                           5000              1
CLARK                          2450              2
MILLER                         1300              3
SCOTT                          3000              1
FORD                           3000              2
JONES                          2975              3
ADAMS                          1100              4
SMITH                           800              5
BLAKE                          2850              1
ALLEN                          1600              2
TURNER                         1500              3
WARD                           1250              4
MARTIN                         1250              5
JAMES                           950              6

已选择14行。

语句三:查询每个部门的最高工资

select deptno,ename,sal from
     (select deptno,ename,sal,row_number() over (partition by deptno order by sal desc) as sal_order
         from scott.emp) where sal_order <2;

执行结果:

       DEPTNO ENAME                          SAL
---------- -------------------- ----------
           10 KING                          5000
           20 SCOTT                         3000
           30 BLAKE                         2850

已选择3行。

语句四：

select deptno,sal,rank() over (partition by deptno order by sal) as rank_order from scott.emp order by deptno;

执行结果:

     DEPTNO         SAL RANK_ORDER
---------- ---------- ----------
         10        1300           1
         10        2450           2
         10        5000           3
         20         800           1
         20        1100           2
         20        2975           3
         20        3000           4
         20        3000           4
         30         950           1
         30        1250           2
         30        1250           2
         30        1500           4
         30        1600           5
         30        2850           6

已选择14行。

语句五：

select deptno,sal,dense_rank() over(partition by deptno order by sal) as dense_rank_order from scott.emp order by deptn;
执行结果：

     DEPTNO         SAL DENSE_RANK_ORDER
---------- ---------- ----------------
         10        1300                 1
         10        2450                 2
         10        5000                 3
         20         800                 1
         20        1100                 2
         20        2975                 3
         20        3000                 4
         20        3000                 4
         30         950                 1
         30        1250                 2
         30        1250                 2
         30        1500                 3
         30        1600                 4
         30        2850                 5

已选择14行。