DBA常用脚本2
1、数据缓冲区的命中率已经不是性能调整中的主要问题了,但是,过低的命中率肯定是不可以的,在任何情况下,我们必须保证有一个大的data buffer和一个高的命中率。
这个语句可以获得整体的数据缓冲命中率,越高越好
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SELECT a.VALUE + b.VALUE logical_reads,
c.VALUE phys_reads,
round(100*(1-c.value/(a.value+b.value)),4) hit_ratio
FROM v$sysstat a,v$sysstat b,v$sysstat c
WHERE a.NAME='db block gets'
AND b.NAME='consistent gets'
AND c.NAME='physical reads'
2、库缓冲说明了SQL语句的重载率,当然,一个SQL语句应当被执行的越多越好,如果重载率比较高,就考虑增加共享池大小或者是提高Bind变量的使用
以下语句查询了Sql语句的重载率,越低越好
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SELECT SUM(pins) total_pins,SUM(reloads) total_reloads,
SUM(reloads)/SUM(pins)*100 libcache_reload_ratio
FROM v$librarycache
3、用户锁,数据库的锁有的时候是比较耗费资源的,特别是发生锁等待的时候,我们必须找到发生等待的锁,有可能的话,杀掉该进程。
这个语句将查找到数据库中所有的DML语句产生的锁,还可以发现,任何DML语句其实产生了两个锁,一个是表锁,一个是行锁。
可以通过alter system kill session ‘sid,serial#’来杀掉会话
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SELECT /*+ rule */ s.username,
decode(l.type,'TM','TABLE LOCK',
'TX','ROW LOCK',
NULL) LOCK_LEVEL,
o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type,
s.sid,s.serial#,s.terminal,s.machine,s.program,s.osuser
FROM v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o
WHERE l.sid = s.sid
AND l.id1 = o.object_id(+)
AND s.username is NOT NULL
4、锁与等待,如果发生了锁等待,我们可能更想知道是谁锁了表而引起谁的等待
以下的语句可以查询到谁锁了表,而谁在等待。
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SELECT /*+ rule */ lpad(' ',decode(l.xidusn ,0,3,0))||l.oracle_username User_name,
o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type,s.sid,s.serial#
FROM v$locked_object l,dba_objects o,v$session s
WHERE l.object_id=o.object_id
AND l.session_id=s.sid
ORDER BY o.object_id,xidusn DESC
以上查询结果是一个树状结构,如果有子节点,则表示有等待发生。如果想知道锁用了哪个回滚段,还可以关联到V$rollname,其中xidusn就是回滚段的USN
5、如果发生了事务或锁,想知道哪些回滚段正在被使用吗?其实通过事务表,我们可以详细的查询到事务与回滚段之间的关系。同时,如果关联会话表,我们则可以知道是哪个会话发动了这个事务。
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SELECT s.USERNAME,s.SID,s.SERIAL#,t.UBAFIL "UBA filenum",
t.UBABLK "UBA Block number",t.USED_UBLK "Number os undo Blocks Used",
t.START_TIME,t.STATUS,t.START_SCNB,t.XIDUSN RollID,r.NAME RollName
FROM v$session s,v$transaction t,v$rollname r
WHERE s.SADDR=t.SES_ADDR
AND t.XIDUSN=r.usn
7、如果利用会话跟踪或者是想查看某个会话的跟踪文件,那么查询到OS上的进程或线程号是非常重要的,因为文件的令名中,就包含这个信息,以下的语句可以查询到进程或线程号,由此就可以找到对应的文件。
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SELECT p1.value||'\'||p2.value||'_ora_'||p.spid filename
FROM
v$process p,
v$session s,
v$parameter p1,
v$parameter p2
WHERE p1.name = 'user_dump_dest'
AND p2.name = 'db_name'
AND p.addr = s.paddr
AND s.audsid = USERENV ('SESSIONID');
8、在ORACLE 9i中,可以监控索引的使用,如果没有使用到的索引,完全可以删除掉,减少DML操作时的操作。
以下就是开始索引监控与停止索引监控的脚本
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set heading off
set echo off
set feedback off
set pages 10000
spool start_index_monitor.sql
SELECT 'alter index '||owner||'.'||index_name||' monitoring usage;'
FROM dba_indexes
WHERE owner = USER;
spool off
set heading on
set echo on
set feedback on
------------------------------------------------
set heading off
set echo off
set feedback off
set pages 10000
spool stop_index_monitor.sql
SELECT 'alter index '||owner||'.'||index_name||' nomonitoring usage;'
FROM dba_indexes
WHERE owner = USER;
spool off
set heading on
set echo on
set feedback on
如果需要监控更多的用户,可以将owner=User改写成别的
监控结果在视图v$object_usage中查询
感谢fenng,他提供了一个更新版的show_space脚本
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CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE show_space
( p_segname IN VARCHAR2,
p_owner IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT USER,
p_type IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT 'TABLE',
p_partition IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT NULL )
-- This procedure uses AUTHID CURRENT USER so it can query DBA_*
-- views using privileges from a ROLE and so it can be installed
-- once per database, instead of once per user who wanted to use it.
AUTHID CURRENT_USER
as
l_free_blks number;
l_total_blocks number;
l_total_bytes number;
l_unused_blocks number;
l_unused_bytes number;
l_LastUsedExtFileId number;
l_LastUsedExtBlockId number;
l_LAST_USED_BLOCK number;
l_segment_space_mgmt varchar2(255);
l_unformatted_blocks number;
l_unformatted_bytes number;
l_fs1_blocks number; l_fs1_bytes number;
l_fs2_blocks number; l_fs2_bytes number;
l_fs3_blocks number; l_fs3_bytes number;
l_fs4_blocks number; l_fs4_bytes number;
l_full_blocks number; l_full_bytes number;
-- Inline procedure to print out numbers nicely formatted
-- with a simple label.
PROCEDURE p( p_label in varchar2, p_num in number )
IS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line( rpad(p_label,40,'.') ||
to_char(p_num,'999,999,999,999') );
END;
BEGIN
-- This query is executed dynamically in order to allow this procedure
-- to be created by a user who has access to DBA_SEGMENTS/TABLESPACES
-- via a role as is customary.
-- NOTE: at runtime, the invoker MUST have access to these two
-- views!
-- This query determines if the object is an ASSM object or not.
BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
'select ts.segment_space_management
FROM dba_segments seg, dba_tablespaces ts
WHERE seg.segment_name = :p_segname
AND (:p_partition is null or
seg.partition_name = :p_partition)
AND seg.owner = :p_owner
AND seg.tablespace_name = ts.tablespace_name'
INTO l_segment_space_mgmt
USING p_segname, p_partition, p_partition, p_owner;
EXCEPTION
WHEN too_many_rows THEN
dbms_output.put_line
( 'This must be a partitioned table, use p_partition => ');
RETURN;
END;
-- If the object is in an ASSM tablespace, we must use this API
-- call to get space information; else we use the FREE_BLOCKS
-- API for the user managed segments.
IF l_segment_space_mgmt = 'AUTO'
THEN
dbms_space.space_usage
( p_owner, p_segname, p_type, l_unformatted_blocks,
l_unformatted_bytes, l_fs1_blocks, l_fs1_bytes,
l_fs2_blocks, l_fs2_bytes, l_fs3_blocks, l_fs3_bytes,
l_fs4_blocks, l_fs4_bytes, l_full_blocks, l_full_bytes, p_partition);
p( 'Unformatted Blocks ', l_unformatted_blocks );
p( 'FS1 Blocks (0-25) ', l_fs1_blocks );
p( 'FS2 Blocks (25-50) ', l_fs2_blocks );
p( 'FS3 Blocks (50-75) ', l_fs3_blocks );
p( 'FS4 Blocks (75-100)', l_fs4_blocks );
p( 'Full Blocks ', l_full_blocks );
ELSE
dbms_space.free_blocks(
segment_owner => p_owner,
segment_name => p_segname,
segment_type => p_type,
freelist_group_id => 0,
free_blks => l_free_blks);
p( 'Free Blocks', l_free_blks );
END IF;
-- And then the unused space API call to get the rest of the
-- information.
dbms_space.unused_space
( segment_owner => p_owner,
segment_name => p_segname,
segment_type => p_type,
partition_name => p_partition,
total_blocks => l_total_blocks,
total_bytes => l_total_bytes,
unused_blocks => l_unused_blocks,
unused_bytes => l_unused_bytes,
LAST_USED_EXTENT_FILE_ID => l_LastUsedExtFileId,
LAST_USED_EXTENT_BLOCK_ID => l_LastUsedExtBlockId,
LAST_USED_BLOCK => l_LAST_USED_BLOCK );
p( 'Total Blocks', l_total_blocks );
p( 'Total Bytes', l_total_bytes );
p( 'Total MBytes', trunc(l_total_bytes/1024/1024) );
p( 'Unused Blocks', l_unused_blocks );
p( 'Unused Bytes', l_unused_bytes );
p( 'Last Used Ext FileId', l_LastUsedExtFileId );
p( 'Last Used Ext BlockId', l_LastUsedExtBlockId );
p( 'Last Used Block', l_LAST_USED_BLOCK );
END;
隐含参数:
select a.ksppinm "parameter ", a.ksppdesc "descriptoin "
from x$ksppi a,x$ksppcv b,x$ksppsv c
where a.indx=b.indx and a.indx=c.indx and a.ksppinm like '/_%' escape '/';
回复: DBA常用SQL语句系列,欢迎补充,在不断更新中
Check OS process id from Oracle sid
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select spid from v$process
where addr in ( select paddr from v$session where sid=[$sid) ]
Check Oracle sid from OS process id
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select sid from v$session
where paddr in ( select addr from v$process where spid=[$pid) ]
Check current SQL in a session
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select SQL_TEXT from V$SQLTEXT
where HASH_VALUE =
( select SQL_HASH_VALUE from v$session
where sid = &sid)
order by PIECE
Checking v$session_wait
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select * from v$session_wait
where event not like 'rdbms%'
and event not like 'SQL*N%'
and event not like '%timer';
Dictionary Cache Hits
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SELECT sum(getmisses)/sum(gets) FROM v$rowcache;
/*It should be < 15%, otherwise Add share_pool_size*/
Check DB object name from file id and block#
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select owner,segment_name,segment_type
from dba_extents
where file_id = [$fno and &dno between block_id and block_id + blocks – 1 ]
回复: DBA常用SQL语句系列,欢迎补充,在不断更新中
#寻找hot block
select /*+ ordered */
e.owner ||'.'|| e.segment_name segment_name,
e.extent_id extent#,
x.dbablk - e.block_id + 1 block#,
x.tch,
l.child#
from
sys.v$latch_children l,
sys.x$bh x,
sys.dba_extents e
where
l.name = 'cache buffers chains' and
l.sleeps > &sleep_count and
x.hladdr = l.addr and
e.file_id = x.file# and
x.dbablk between e.block_id and e.block_id + e.blocks - 1;
#找出每个文件上的等待事件
select df.name,kf.count from v$datafile df,x$kcbfwait kf where (kf.indx+1)=df.file#;
#找出引起等待事件的SQL语句.
select sql_text from v$sqlarea a,v$session b,v$session_wait c where a.address=b.sql_address and b.sid=c.sid and c.event=[$ll]
#监控共享池中哪个对象引起了大的内存分配
SELECT * FROM X$KSMLRU WHERE ksmlrsiz > 0;
判断你是从pfile启动还是spfile启动的简单方法!!!
判断你是从pfile启动还是spfile启动的简单方法!!!
select decode(count(*), 1, 'spfile', 'pfile' )
from v$spparameter
where rownum=1
and isspecified='TRUE'
/
DECODE
------
spfile
ORACLE常用技巧和脚本
ORACLE常用技巧和脚本
1.如何查看ORACLE的隐含参数?
ORACLE的显式参数,除了在INIT.ORA文件中定义的外,在svrmgrl中用"show parameter *",可以显示。但ORACLE还有一些参数是以“_”,开头的。如我们非常熟悉的“_offline_rollback_segments”等。
这些参数可在sys.x$ksppi表中查出。
语句:“select ksppinm from x$ksppi where substr(ksppinm,1,1)='_'; ”
2.如何查看安装了哪些ORACLE组件?
进入${ORACLE_HOME}/orainst/,运行./inspdver,显示安装组件和版本号。
3.如何查看ORACLE所占用共享内存的大小?
可用UNIX命令“ipcs”查看共享内存的起始地址、信号量、消息队列。
在svrmgrl下,用“oradebug ipc”,可看出ORACLE占用共享内存的分段和大小。
example:
SVRMGR> oradebug ipc
-------------- Shared memory --------------
Seg Id Address Size
1153 7fe000 784
1154 800000 419430400
1155 19800000 67108864
4.如何查看当前SQL*PLUS用户的sid和serial#?
在SQL*PLUS下,运行:
“select sid, serial#, status from v$session
where audsid=userenv('sessionid');”
5.如何查看当前数据库的字符集?
在SQL*PLUS下,运行:
“select userenv('language') from dual;”
或:“select userenv('lang') from dual; ”
6.如何查看数据库中某用户,正在运行什么SQL语句?
根据MACHINE、USERNAME或SID、SERIAL#,连接表V$SESSION和V$SQLTEXT,可查出。
SQL*PLUS语句:
“SELECT SQL_TEXT FROM V$SQL_TEXT T, V$SESSION S WHERE T.ADDRESS=S.SQL_ADDRESS
AND T.HASH_VALUE=S.SQL_HASH_VALUE
AND S.MACHINE='XXXXX' OR USERNAME='XXXXX' -- 查看某主机名,或用户名
/”
7.如何删除表中的重复记录?
例句:
DELETE
FROM table_name a
WHERE rowid > ( SELECT min(rowid)
FROM table_name b
WHERE b.pk_column_1 = a.pk_column_1
and b.pk_column_2 = a.pk_column_2 );
8.手工临时强制改变服务器字符集
以sys或system登录系统,sql*plus运行:“create database character set us7ascii;".
有以下错误提示:
* create database character set US7ASCII
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
实际上,看v$nls_parameters,字符集已更改成功。但重启数据库后,数据库字符集又变回原来的了。
该命令可用于临时的不同字符集服务器之间数据倒换之用。
9.怎样查询每个instance分配的PCM锁的数目
用以下命令:
select count(*) "Number of hashed PCM locks" from v$lock_element where bitand(flags,4)<>0
/
select count(*) "Number of fine grain PCM locks" from v$lock_element
where bitand(flags,4)=0
/
10. 怎么判断当前正在使用何种SQL优化方式?
用explain plan产生EXPLAIN PLAN,检查PLAN_TABLE中ID=0的POSITION列的值。
e.g.
select decode(nvl(position,-1),-1,'RBO',1,'CBO') from plan_table where id=0
/
11. 做EXPORT时,能否将DUMP文件分成多个?
ORACLE8I中EXP增加了一个参数FILESIZE,可将一个文件分成多个:
EXP SCOTT/TIGER FILE=(ORDER_1.DMP,ORDER_2.DMP,ORDER_3.DMP) FILESIZE=1G TABLES=ORDER;
其他版本的ORACLE在UNIX下可利用管道和split分割:
mknod pipe p
split -b 2048m pipe order & #将文件分割成,每个2GB大小的,以order为前缀的文件:
#orderaa,orderab,orderac,... 并将该进程放在后台。
EXP SCOTT/TIGER FILE=pipe tables=order
户如何有效地利用数据字典
用户如何有效地利用数据字典
ORACLE的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一,它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化,
体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。
数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。
我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。
很多时候,一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。
dictionary 全部数据字典表的名称和解释,它有一个同义词dict
dict_column 全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释
如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时,可以用下面这条SQL语句:
SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,'index')>0;
如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义,可以用下面这条SQL语句:
SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name='USER_INDEXES';
依此类推,就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释,不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。
下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。
一、用户
查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
二、表
查看用户下所有的表
SQL>select * from user_tables;
查看名称包含log字符的表
SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
查看某表的创建时间
SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
查看某表的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;
三、索引
查看索引个数和类别
SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;
查看索引被索引的字段
SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name');
查看索引的大小
SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
where segment_name=upper('&index_name');
四、序列号
查看序列号,last_number是当前值
SQL>select * from user_sequences;
五、视图
查看视图的名称
SQL>select view_name from user_views;
查看创建视图的select语句
SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;
SQL>set long 2000; 说明:可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小
SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name');
六、同义词
查看同义词的名称
SQL>select * from user_synonyms;
七、约束条件
查看某表的约束条件
SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name
from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name');
SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name
from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc
where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name')
and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name
order by cc.position;
八、存储函数和过程
查看函数和过程的状态
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION';
SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE';
查看函数和过程的源代码
SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name');
九、触发器
查看触发器
set long 50000;
set heading off;
set pagesize 2000;
select
'create or replace trigger "' ||
trigger_name || '"' || chr(10)||
decode( substr( trigger_type, 1, 1 ),
'A', 'AFTER', 'B', 'BEFORE', 'I', 'INSTEAD OF' ) ||
chr(10) ||
triggering_event || chr(10) ||
'ON "' || table_owner || '"."' ||
table_name || '"' || chr(10) ||
decode( instr( trigger_type, 'EACH ROW' ), 0, null,
'FOR EACH ROW' ) || chr(10) ,
trigger_body
from user_triggers;