C++回顾day03---<纯虚函数和抽象类以及虚析构函数,delete使用>
一:纯虚函数和抽象类
纯虚函数是一个在基类中说明的虚函数,在基类中没有定义,要求任何派生类都定义自己的版本
纯虚函数为各个派生类提供一个公共接口
纯虚函数的形式:
virtual 类型 函数名(参数列表)=0;
一个具有纯虚函数的基类称为抽象类
注意:抽象类不能实例化对象
一个派生类继承抽象类但是未实现纯虚函数,则也变为抽象类,可以继续被继承实现
class Parent //抽象类 { public: Parent() { cout << "Parent construct" << endl; } virtual void overrideFunc() = 0; //纯虚函数 }; class Child01:public Parent //未实现纯虚函数,所以还是一个抽象类,不能被实例化对象,可以被继承 { public: Child01() { cout << "Child01 construct" << endl; } }; class Child02 :public Parent //未实现纯虚函数,是抽象类,可以被继承实现 { public: Child02() { cout << "Child02 construct" << endl; } }; class ChildSon :public Child01 { public: ChildSon() { cout << "ChildSon construct" << endl; } virtual void overrideFunc() //实现了纯虚函数,是一个可以实例化对象的类 { cout << "ChildSon finish" << endl; } }; void main() { ChildSon c; system("pause"); }
二:虚析构函数
(0)注意:构造函数不能是虚函数:建立一个派生类对象时,必须从类层次的根开始,沿着继承路径逐个调用基类的构造函数
(一)问题引出:未使用虚析构函数时会出现内存泄漏(当父类指针指向子类对象时)
class Parent //抽象类 { public: char *name; public: Parent(char* n) { name = (char *)malloc(strlen(n) + 1); strcpy(name, n); cout << "Parent construct" << endl; } virtual void getInfo() { cout << "parent name:" << this->name << endl; } ~Parent() { cout << "Parent distruct" << endl; if (this->name) { delete this->name; this->name = NULL; } } }; class Child01:public Parent { public: char *addr; public: Child01(char* n, char* a) :Parent(n) { addr = (char *)malloc(strlen(a) + 1); strcpy(addr, a); cout << "Child01 construct" << endl; } virtual void getInfo() { cout << "child01 name:" << this->name << endl; cout << "child01 addr:" << this->addr << endl; } ~Child01() { cout << "Child01 distruct" << endl; if (this->name) { delete name; this->name = NULL; //释放后置空,是一个良好的习惯 } if (this->addr) { delete addr; this->addr = NULL; } } }; void main() { Parent* p = new Child01("Liu","zz"); delete p; //会根据父类指针去调用父类析构函数:回顾前面多态 system("pause"); }
发现只调用了父类析构函数,释放了name变量,但是addr变量并没有进行释放,导致了内存泄漏
(二)问题解决:联系前面多态,使用虚析构函数--->会根据虚函数指针找到虚函数表从而调用子类析构函数(而)子类析构时候同构造相反方向去调用基类析构方法《重点》
class Parent //抽象类 { public: char *name; public: Parent(char* n) { name = (char *)malloc(strlen(n) + 1); strcpy(name, n); cout << "Parent construct" << endl; } virtual void getInfo() { cout << "parent name:" << this->name << endl; } virtual ~Parent() { cout << "Parent distruct" << endl; if (this->name) { delete this->name; this->name = NULL; } } }; class Child01:public Parent { public: char *addr; public: Child01(char* n, char* a) :Parent(n) { addr = (char *)malloc(strlen(a) + 1); strcpy(addr, a); cout << "Child01 construct" << endl; } virtual void getInfo() { cout << "child01 name:" << this->name << endl; cout << "child01 addr:" << this->addr << endl; } virtual ~Child01() { cout << "Child01 distruct" << endl; if (this->name) { delete name; this->name = NULL; //释放后置空,是一个良好的习惯 } if (this->addr) { delete addr; this->addr = NULL; } } }; void testfunc() { Parent* p = new Child01("Liu","zz"); delete p; } void main() { testfunc(); system("pause"); }
三:回顾delete运算符
(一)注意:在C中使用malloc和free函数来分配和释放内存,在C++中扩展了new和delete运算符
(二)其中new和delete运算符使用:
new运算符的使用: 指针变量 = new 类型(常数); 指针变量 = new 类型[表达式];
delete运算符的使用:
delete 指针变量
delete []指针变量
(三)重点:delete中使用的指针变量必须是一个new返回的指针变量《重点》
正确使用:
Parent* p = new Child01("Liu","zz"); delete p;
错误使用:
Child01 c("Liu", "zz"); Parent* p = &c; delete p;